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Soc 1910 exam 1 | SOC - Sociology 1 - Introduction, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Class: SOC - Sociology 1 - Introduction; Subject: Sociology; University: North Park University; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 02/17/2013

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TERM 1
Urbanization
DEFINITION 1
Anincreasein apopulationincitiesand
townsversusruralareas.Urbanization began during
theindustrial revolution, whenworkersmoved
towardsmanufacturinghubsin cities
toobtainjobsinfactoriesasagriculturaljobs
becamelesscommon.
TERM 2
Individualism
DEFINITION 2
Conceptthat all values,rights, anddutiesoriginate in
individuals and, therefore, theinterestsof the individuals are
(or ought to be) ethically paramount as opposed to those of
anabstractentitysuch as society
TERM 3
Religion to Science
DEFINITION 3
Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and then Isaac Newton,
questioned the authority and religious leaders of their time
and therefore transformed the world into a place where it is
ok to challenge cherished beliefs, making science more
acceptable.
TERM 4
Comte
DEFINITION 4
Famous for coining the term sociology , (social physics)Played a
significant role in the development of the discipline of sociology.
Efforts to distinguish appropriate meth ods and topics for
sociologists helped sociology grow.3 his torical epistemological
stages: Theological- society the prod uct of divine will
Metaphysical- society is the product of efforts to express self-
interests and exert control over hum an nature Scientific- society is
the product of social physics and natu ral laws
TERM 5
Durkheim
DEFINITION 5
Believed that even the most individu alistic of actions had
sociological explanationsMechanical s olidarity = shared tradition
and beliefs created a sense of social c ohesion found in premodern,
agrarian societiesOrganic solidarity = modern types of social
bonds based on difference interdepe ndence, and individual rights,
specialized systems must function as integrated wholepeople are
all interdependentsocieties exert soc ial constraint over members
actions
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Urbanization

Anincreasein apopulationincitiesand townsversusruralareas.Urbanization began during theindustrial revolution, whenworkersmoved towardsmanufacturinghubsin cities toobtainjobsinfactoriesasagriculturaljobs becamelesscommon. TERM 2

Individualism

DEFINITION 2 Conceptthat all values,rights, anddutiesoriginate in individuals and, therefore, theinterestsof the individuals are (or ought to be) ethically paramount as opposed to those of anabstractentitysuch as society TERM 3

Religion to Science

DEFINITION 3 Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and then Isaac Newton, questioned the authority and religious leaders of their time and therefore transformed the world into a place where it is ok to challenge cherished beliefs, making science more acceptable. TERM 4

Comte

DEFINITION 4 Famous for coining the term sociology, (social physics)Played a significant role in the development of the discipline of sociology. Efforts to distinguish appropriate methods and topics for sociologists helped sociology grow.3 historical epistemological stages: Theological- society the product of divine will Metaphysical- society is the product of efforts to express self- interests and exert control over human nature Scientific- society is the product of social physics and natural laws TERM 5

Durkheim

DEFINITION 5 Believed that even the most individualistic of actions had sociological explanationsMechanical solidarity = shared tradition and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion found in premodern, agrarian societiesOrganic solidarity = modern types of social bonds based on difference interdependence, and individual rights, specialized systems must function as integrated wholepeople are all interdependentsocieties exert social constraint over members actions

Marx

Communist Manifesto, Remembered for being creator of Communism and SocialismBelieved Social change is prompted by economic influences, Society is not cohesive but rather separated by class differences, Capitalism breeds conflict (Haves vs have-nots)Created the Conflict theory. TERM 7

Weber

DEFINITION 7 Symbolic Interaction-ism / comparative sociologistPessimistic view of sociologyBelieved in rationalization which is the application of economic logic to human activity; rules and regulations the maximize efficiency w/o consideration of subjective or individual concernsModern industrialized societies were characterixed by efficient, goal-oriented, rule- governed bureaucracies.Believed individual behavior was increasingly driven by bureaucrati goals, which in fact became the most important motivational factor rather than tradition, values, or emotion TERM 8

Social

location

DEFINITION 8 the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society. Growing up in certain situations shapes who we are. TERM 9

The Thomas Theorem

DEFINITION 9 The basic sociological truth that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. TERM 10

The Sociological Imagination

DEFINITION 10 Mills' term for term for a kind of outlook on the world which allows one to look beyond the circumstances of the individual and see the effects of larger historical and social factors

Social conflict

Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power in society TERM 17

Symbolic Interaction

DEFINITION 17 society is viewed as symbos that people use to establish meaning, develop views of the world and communicate with each other. TERM 18

Quantitative methods

DEFINITION 18 Research that translates the social world into numbers that can be treated mathematically, this type of research often tries to find cause-and-effect relationships TERM 19

Qualitative methods

DEFINITION 19 Research that works with nonnumerical data such as texts, fieldnotes, interview transcripts, photographs, and tape recordings: this type of research more often tries to understand how people make sense of their world TERM 20

Concept

DEFINITION 20 A label that is applied to things with similar characteristics or attributes

Construct

The words used to describe things the exist analytically but are not directly observable, such as love TERM 22

Variable

DEFINITION 22 A concept or construct of interest in a research study. A variable influences or is influenced by another variable. TERM 23

Attribute

DEFINITION 23 A characteristic or quality that describes a variable ( for example, attributes of the variable "political party" include Democrat, Republican.) TERM 24

Hypothesis

DEFINITION 24 A predicted relationship or "research question" between variables that a researcher seeks to explore and either prove or disprove TERM 25

Independent variable

DEFINITION 25 A variable that influences another variable (cause)*Note that variables may also correlate. They have a relationship but one does not necessarilycausethe other.

Mean

the average ( caculated by adding all values and dividing by the numbers of cases) TERM 32

Median

DEFINITION 32 The middle value when all values are placed in order TERM 33

Mode

DEFINITION 33 the value that occures most frequently TERM 34

Correlation

DEFINITION 34 a relationship between variables in which they change together. TERM 35

Spurious relationship

DEFINITION 35 the appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable.

Steps in designing a research study

The Lit Review - review existing literature on the topic. The survey - a survey is a series of questions asked of a number of people. Generally referred to as interview. The experiment - an experiment involves manipulating the indepedent variable and observing the effect on the dependent variable. Observation - The action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information. Unobtrusive Research - Artifacts, use of existing statistics, content analysis, Triangulation - to refer to research strategy that helps zero in on social phenomena. Researchers try to use methods whose strenghts and weaknesses balance out. Sampling - the sample is that portion of the larger population that you will study to make inferences about the larger population. TERM 37

Research ethics

DEFINITION 37 Research ethicsinvolves the application of fundamentalethicalprinciples to a variety of topics involvingscientific research. TERM 38

Mindful

skepticism

DEFINITION 38 is being mindfully skeptical of new information seeking alternative views of that can help us see the limits of our own knowledge Alternative perspectives create the possibility of understanding the world more fully, because they give us more angles from which to view it. TERM 39

Components of culture

DEFINITION 39 Symbols, Language, Beliefs, Values, and Norms TERM 40

Symbols

DEFINITION 40 A symbol is anything that represents something to more than one person. Symbols are powerful because we react to them as if they were real things.

Non-material culture

Is made up of intangible things- these intangible things also vary from simple to complex.We can divide non-material culture into five basic categories; symbols, language, norms, values, and beliefs. *See the five basic categories throughout this list. TERM 47

Subcultures

DEFINITION 47 A group of people whose shared specialized values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in society. TERM 48

countercultures

DEFINITION 48 sub-cultures who's values and beliefs set it not only apart from, but also in oppsition to the dominant culture. TERM 49

Elements of social structure

DEFINITION 49 Status, Roles TERM 50

Status

DEFINITION 50 the position that someone occupies

Roles

behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to status TERM 52

Role conflict

DEFINITION 52 what is expected of us in one status is incompatible with what is expected of us in another TERM 53

Role strain

DEFINITION 53 the same status contains incompatable roles TERM 54

Status inconsistency

DEFINITION 54 contradiction between statuses TERM 55

Theories of social

interaction

DEFINITION 55 DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSISSOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

Cooley- the looking glass self

Cooley's term for the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others TERM 62

Nature

DEFINITION 62 The nature side of the debate argues that people are shaped primarily by genetics and biology. TERM 63

Nurture

DEFINITION 63 The nurture side argues that our participation in social life is the most important determinant of who we are and how we behave. TERM 64

Agents of socialization

DEFINITION 64 Social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place1 Family2 Peers3 Mass Media4 Schools TERM 65

Cultural capital

DEFINITION 65 Cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy (such as knowledge of elite culture) and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital.

Id

he part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges and human instincts. (Part of Psychoanalytic Theory - Freud). TERM 67

Ego

DEFINITION 67 The part of the self representing reason and common sense. Plays a balancing act between the id and superego, adapting he desires of the id to the social expectations of the superego. (Part of psychoanalytic theory - Freud)