Download Soc 1910 exam 1 | SOC - Sociology 1 - Introduction and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
Urbanization
Anincreasein apopulationincitiesand townsversusruralareas.Urbanization began during theindustrial revolution, whenworkersmoved towardsmanufacturinghubsin cities toobtainjobsinfactoriesasagriculturaljobs becamelesscommon. TERM 2
Individualism
DEFINITION 2 Conceptthat all values,rights, anddutiesoriginate in individuals and, therefore, theinterestsof the individuals are (or ought to be) ethically paramount as opposed to those of anabstractentitysuch as society TERM 3
Religion to Science
DEFINITION 3 Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and then Isaac Newton, questioned the authority and religious leaders of their time and therefore transformed the world into a place where it is ok to challenge cherished beliefs, making science more acceptable. TERM 4
Comte
DEFINITION 4 Famous for coining the term sociology, (social physics)Played a significant role in the development of the discipline of sociology. Efforts to distinguish appropriate methods and topics for sociologists helped sociology grow.3 historical epistemological stages: Theological- society the product of divine will Metaphysical- society is the product of efforts to express self- interests and exert control over human nature Scientific- society is the product of social physics and natural laws TERM 5
Durkheim
DEFINITION 5 Believed that even the most individualistic of actions had sociological explanationsMechanical solidarity = shared tradition and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion found in premodern, agrarian societiesOrganic solidarity = modern types of social bonds based on difference interdependence, and individual rights, specialized systems must function as integrated wholepeople are all interdependentsocieties exert social constraint over members actions
Marx
Communist Manifesto, Remembered for being creator of Communism and SocialismBelieved Social change is prompted by economic influences, Society is not cohesive but rather separated by class differences, Capitalism breeds conflict (Haves vs have-nots)Created the Conflict theory. TERM 7
Weber
DEFINITION 7 Symbolic Interaction-ism / comparative sociologistPessimistic view of sociologyBelieved in rationalization which is the application of economic logic to human activity; rules and regulations the maximize efficiency w/o consideration of subjective or individual concernsModern industrialized societies were characterixed by efficient, goal-oriented, rule- governed bureaucracies.Believed individual behavior was increasingly driven by bureaucrati goals, which in fact became the most important motivational factor rather than tradition, values, or emotion TERM 8
Social
location
DEFINITION 8 the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society. Growing up in certain situations shapes who we are. TERM 9
The Thomas Theorem
DEFINITION 9 The basic sociological truth that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. TERM 10
The Sociological Imagination
DEFINITION 10 Mills' term for term for a kind of outlook on the world which allows one to look beyond the circumstances of the individual and see the effects of larger historical and social factors
Social conflict
Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power in society TERM 17
Symbolic Interaction
DEFINITION 17 society is viewed as symbos that people use to establish meaning, develop views of the world and communicate with each other. TERM 18
Quantitative methods
DEFINITION 18 Research that translates the social world into numbers that can be treated mathematically, this type of research often tries to find cause-and-effect relationships TERM 19
Qualitative methods
DEFINITION 19 Research that works with nonnumerical data such as texts, fieldnotes, interview transcripts, photographs, and tape recordings: this type of research more often tries to understand how people make sense of their world TERM 20
Concept
DEFINITION 20 A label that is applied to things with similar characteristics or attributes
Construct
The words used to describe things the exist analytically but are not directly observable, such as love TERM 22
Variable
DEFINITION 22 A concept or construct of interest in a research study. A variable influences or is influenced by another variable. TERM 23
Attribute
DEFINITION 23 A characteristic or quality that describes a variable ( for example, attributes of the variable "political party" include Democrat, Republican.) TERM 24
Hypothesis
DEFINITION 24 A predicted relationship or "research question" between variables that a researcher seeks to explore and either prove or disprove TERM 25
Independent variable
DEFINITION 25 A variable that influences another variable (cause)*Note that variables may also correlate. They have a relationship but one does not necessarilycausethe other.
Mean
the average ( caculated by adding all values and dividing by the numbers of cases) TERM 32
Median
DEFINITION 32 The middle value when all values are placed in order TERM 33
Mode
DEFINITION 33 the value that occures most frequently TERM 34
Correlation
DEFINITION 34 a relationship between variables in which they change together. TERM 35
Spurious relationship
DEFINITION 35 the appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable.
Steps in designing a research study
The Lit Review - review existing literature on the topic. The survey - a survey is a series of questions asked of a number of people. Generally referred to as interview. The experiment - an experiment involves manipulating the indepedent variable and observing the effect on the dependent variable. Observation - The action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information. Unobtrusive Research - Artifacts, use of existing statistics, content analysis, Triangulation - to refer to research strategy that helps zero in on social phenomena. Researchers try to use methods whose strenghts and weaknesses balance out. Sampling - the sample is that portion of the larger population that you will study to make inferences about the larger population. TERM 37
Research ethics
DEFINITION 37 Research ethicsinvolves the application of fundamentalethicalprinciples to a variety of topics involvingscientific research. TERM 38
Mindful
skepticism
DEFINITION 38 is being mindfully skeptical of new information seeking alternative views of that can help us see the limits of our own knowledge Alternative perspectives create the possibility of understanding the world more fully, because they give us more angles from which to view it. TERM 39
Components of culture
DEFINITION 39 Symbols, Language, Beliefs, Values, and Norms TERM 40
Symbols
DEFINITION 40 A symbol is anything that represents something to more than one person. Symbols are powerful because we react to them as if they were real things.
Non-material culture
Is made up of intangible things- these intangible things also vary from simple to complex.We can divide non-material culture into five basic categories; symbols, language, norms, values, and beliefs. *See the five basic categories throughout this list. TERM 47
Subcultures
DEFINITION 47 A group of people whose shared specialized values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in society. TERM 48
countercultures
DEFINITION 48 sub-cultures who's values and beliefs set it not only apart from, but also in oppsition to the dominant culture. TERM 49
Elements of social structure
DEFINITION 49 Status, Roles TERM 50
Status
DEFINITION 50 the position that someone occupies
Roles
behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to status TERM 52
Role conflict
DEFINITION 52 what is expected of us in one status is incompatible with what is expected of us in another TERM 53
Role strain
DEFINITION 53 the same status contains incompatable roles TERM 54
Status inconsistency
DEFINITION 54 contradiction between statuses TERM 55
Theories of social
interaction
DEFINITION 55 DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSISSOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
Cooley- the looking glass self
Cooley's term for the process by which individuals acquire and maintain their social selves through reflective interaction with others TERM 62
Nature
DEFINITION 62 The nature side of the debate argues that people are shaped primarily by genetics and biology. TERM 63
Nurture
DEFINITION 63 The nurture side argues that our participation in social life is the most important determinant of who we are and how we behave. TERM 64
Agents of socialization
DEFINITION 64 Social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place1 Family2 Peers3 Mass Media4 Schools TERM 65
Cultural capital
DEFINITION 65 Cultural resources that are socially designated as being worthy (such as knowledge of elite culture) and that give advantages to groups possessing such capital.
Id
he part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges and human instincts. (Part of Psychoanalytic Theory - Freud). TERM 67
Ego
DEFINITION 67 The part of the self representing reason and common sense. Plays a balancing act between the id and superego, adapting he desires of the id to the social expectations of the superego. (Part of psychoanalytic theory - Freud)
