(SNHU online) NUR600 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 600

Advanced

Pharmacology

Final Exam Review

Q & A

1. A 78-year-old patient with a history of chronic heart failure is prescribed a new medication. Which of the following considerations is most important when prescribing?
   • A) The patient's age and potential for decreased renal clearance.
   • B) The cost-effectiveness of the medication.
   • C) The medication's formulary status.
   • D) The patient's preference for medication administration. Answer: A) The patient's age and potential for decreased renal clearance. Rationale: Elderly patients often have reduced renal function, which can affect the pharmacokinetics of medications, necessitating dosage adjustments to avoid toxicity.
2. When prescribing a medication for a pediatric patient, which of the following factors must be taken into account for dosage determination?
   • A) Weight and body surface area.
   • B) The child's favorite flavor.
   • C) The availability of the drug in liquid form.
   • D) The parent's understanding of the drug. Answer: A) Weight and body surface area. Rationale: Pediatric dosing often relies on the child's weight and body surface area to ensure safe and effective drug levels.
3. A patient presents with a severe allergic reaction to a medication. What is the prescriber's best immediate action?
   • A) Prescribe an alternative medication.
   • B) Order a complete blood count.
   • C) Administer an antihistamine and/or corticosteroid.
   • D) Refer the patient to an allergist. Answer: C) Administer an antihistamine and/or corticosteroid. Rationale: Immediate management of a severe allergic reaction includes the administration of antihistamines and corticosteroids to reduce symptoms.
4. Which of the following is a legal requirement when prescribing controlled substances?
   • A) Obtaining a verbal consent from the patient.

Rationale: Renal impairment primarily affects the excretion of medications, often necessitating dosage adjustments to prevent accumulation and toxicity.

8. In the context of ethical prescribing, what is a key consideration when determining treatment options?
   • A) The prescriber's personal beliefs.
   • B) The patient's informed consent and autonomy.
   • C) The pharmaceutical company's marketing strategies.
   • D) The prescriber's convenience. Answer: B) The patient's informed consent and autonomy. Rationale: Ethical prescribing requires respecting the patient's autonomy and ensuring they are fully informed about their treatment options.
9. A patient is prescribed a medication that requires monitoring of liver enzymes. What is the rationale for this?
   • A) To assess for potential hepatotoxicity.
   • B) To determine the patient's genetic background.
   • C) To check for compliance with the medication regimen.
   • D) To evaluate the patient's nutritional status. Answer: A) To assess for potential hepatotoxicity. Rationale: Monitoring liver enzymes is important for medications that have a risk of hepatotoxicity, to detect any adverse effects early and adjust treatment as necessary.
10. A prescriber is considering a new medication for a patient with multiple comorbidities. Which factor is most critical in this decision?
    • A) The patient's insurance coverage.
    • B) Potential drug-drug interactions.
    • C) The number of tablets per dose.
    • D) The flavor of the medication. Answer: B) Potential drug-drug interactions. Rationale: In patients with multiple comorbidities, the risk of drug-drug interactions is a significant concern and must be carefully evaluated to prevent adverse effects.
11. When prescribing for a pregnant patient, what is a crucial factor to consider?

• A) The patient's preference for tablet or capsule.
• B) The teratogenic potential of the medication.
• C) The availability of the drug in the hospital formulary.
• D) The medication's packaging. Answer: B) The teratogenic potential of the medication. Rationale: Medications with teratogenic potential can harm the developing fetus and must be avoided or used with caution in pregnant patients.

12. A patient with a known allergy to penicillin requires an antibiotic. Which class of antibiotics should be avoided due to cross-reactivity?

• A) Macrolides
• B) Tetracyclines
• C) Cephalosporins
• D) Aminoglycosides Answer: C) Cephalosporins. Rationale: Due to structural similarities, cephalosporins may have cross- reactivity with penicillin, posing a risk for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

13. A patient with hypertension is prescribed a diuretic. What is the primary therapeutic goal of this medication?

• A) To increase blood volume.
• B) To reduce plasma osmolarity.
• C) To decrease blood pressure.
• D) To elevate potassium levels. Answer: C) To decrease blood pressure. Rationale: Diuretics are commonly used in hypertension to reduce blood volume and thus lower blood pressure.

14. A patient is being treated for depression. Which outcome indicates a successful response to the prescribed antidepressant?

• A) The patient experiences sedation.
• B) The patient reports improved mood and function.
• C) The patient has an increased appetite.
• D) The patient requires less sleep. Answer: B) The patient reports improved mood and function. Rationale: The primary goal of antidepressant therapy is to improve

medications Rationale: Ethical implications for prescribing medications include respecting patient autonomy and values, which may influence medication selection.

3. Which of the following is an example of a quality implication for prescribing medications? A. Providing patient education on medication administration B. Monitoring for adverse drug reactions C. Selecting the lowest effective dose of medication D. Adhering to medication formulary guidelines Answer: C. Selecting the lowest effective dose of medication Rationale: Quality implications for prescribing medications include optimizing medication effectiveness while minimizing the risk of adverse effects by selecting the lowest effective dose.
4. What is a regulatory implication for prescribing medications as a healthcare provider? A. Monitoring patient adherence to medication regimens B. Reporting medication errors to the appropriate regulatory agencies C. Collaborating with other healthcare providers on medication management D. Reviewing the latest clinical practice guidelines for medication prescribing Answer: B. Reporting medication errors to the appropriate regulatory agencies Rationale: Regulatory implications for prescribing medications include reporting medication errors to regulatory agencies to improve patient safety and quality of care.
5. Which of the following is an example of foundational knowledge required for prescribing medications across the lifespan? A. Understanding the pharmacodynamics of medications B. Knowing the mechanism of action of specific medication classes C. Ability to interpret diagnostic test results D. Having a current Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification

Answer: B. Knowing the mechanism of action of specific medication classes Rationale: Foundational knowledge for prescribing medications includes understanding how different medication classes work to achieve therapeutic effects.

6. What is a potential consequence of not considering legal implications when prescribing medications? A. Increased risk of medication errors B. Patient non-compliance with medication regimens C. Adverse drug reactions D. Violation of patient confidentiality Answer: A. Increased risk of medication errors Rationale: Not considering legal implications when prescribing medications may lead to medication errors, which can harm patients and result in legal repercussions for healthcare providers.
7. Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma healthcare providers may face when prescribing medications? A. Choosing between generic and brand-name medications B. Balancing the benefits and risks of a medication for a patient C. Deciding whether to disclose medication side effects to a patient D. Determining the appropriate dosage for a pediatric patient Answer: C. Deciding whether to disclose medication side effects to a patient Rationale: Ethical dilemmas in medication prescribing may involve balancing the duty to inform patients of potential side effects with the desire to prevent harm or distress.
8. What role does evidence-based practice play in medication prescribing for healthcare providers? A. Ensuring compliance with regulatory agencies B. Providing a framework for decision-making based on current research C. Allowing for flexibility in medication selection based on personal beliefs

C. Collaborating with pharmaceutical representatives for medication education D. Prescribing medications off-label for novel treatments Answer: A. Adhering to federal and state laws related to prescription drug monitoring programs Rationale: Addressing legal implications involves following laws and regulations related to medication prescribing, including prescription drug monitoring programs to ensure patient safety.

12. In what ways can healthcare providers demonstrate ethical prescribing practices? A. Prescribing medications based on personal beliefs rather than evidence B. Maintaining patient confidentiality when discussing medication regimens C. Omitting informed consent when prescribing routine medications D. Increasing medication dosages without patient consultation Answer: B. Maintaining patient confidentiality when discussing medication regimens Rationale: Demonstrating ethical prescribing practices involves respecting patient confidentiality and autonomy when discussing medication options and treatment plans.
13. How can healthcare providers ensure medication quality when prescribing across the lifespan? A. Relying on medication samples from pharmaceutical representatives B. Adjusting medication dosages without monitoring patient response C. Consulting medication formulary guidelines for evidence-based prescribing D. Prescribing high-cost brand-name medications without considering alternatives Answer: C. Consulting medication formulary guidelines for evidence- based prescribing Rationale: Ensuring medication quality involves following medication formulary guidelines to select appropriate and cost-effective medications based on current evidence and best practices.

14. What role does evidence-based practice play in medication prescribing for healthcare providers? A. Allowing for personal beliefs to guide medication selection B. Based on outdated research and clinical guidelines C. Providing a framework for decision-making based on current research D. Neglecting patient preferences and values in medication selection Answer: C. Providing a framework for decision-making based on current research Rationale: Evidence-based practice guides healthcare providers in prescribing medications by using current research and clinical guidelines to inform treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.
15. How can healthcare providers address regulatory requirements when prescribing medications across the lifespan? A. Prescribing off-label medications without consulting guidelines B. Monitoring patient adherence to medication regimens C. Checking prescription drug monitoring programs before prescribing controlled substances D. Providing medication samples to patients without prescription Answer: C. Checking prescription drug monitoring programs before prescribing controlled substances Rationale: Addressing regulatory requirements involves following laws and regulations related to medication prescribing, including checking prescription drug monitoring programs to prevent misuse and abuse of controlled substances.
16. Which of the following is an example of a legal implication for prescribing medications as a healthcare provider? A. Discussing medication side effects with patients B. Adhering to federal and state laws related to prescription drug monitoring programs C. Providing patient education on medication administration D. Collaborating with other healthcare providers on medication management

Answer: B. Reporting medication errors to the appropriate regulatory agencies Rationale: Regulatory implications for prescribing medications include reporting medication errors to the appropriate regulatory agencies to ensure patient safety and quality of care.

20. Which of the following is an example of foundational knowledge required for prescribing medications across the lifespan? A. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of medications B. Knowing the mechanism of action of specific medication classes C. Having a current Basic Life Support (BLS) certification D. Ability to interpret laboratory test results Answer: B. Knowing the mechanism of action of specific medication classes Rationale: Foundational knowledge for prescribing medications includes understanding how different medication classes work to achieve therapeutic effects in patients across the lifespan.
21. What is a potential consequence of not considering legal implications when prescribing medications? A. Increased risk of medication errors B. Patient non-compliance with medication regimens C. Adverse drug reactions D. Violation of patient confidentiality Answer: A. Increased risk of medication errors Rationale: Not considering legal implications when prescribing medications may lead to medication errors that can harm patients and create legal risks for healthcare providers.
22. Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma healthcare providers may face when prescribing medications? A. Deciding whether to increase medication dosages for improved efficacy B. Balancing the benefits and risks of a medication for a patient C. Choosing between brand-name and generic medications for cost

savings D. Determining the appropriate dietary restrictions for a medication Answer: B. Balancing the benefits and risks of a medication for a patient Rationale: Ethical dilemmas in medication prescribing may involve weighing the potential benefits and risks of a medication to determine the best course of treatment for a patient.

23. What role does evidence-based practice play in medication prescribing for healthcare providers? A. Ensuring compliance with regulatory agencies B. Providing a framework for decision-making based on current research C. Allowing for flexibility in medication selection based on personal beliefs D. Promoting the use of off-label prescribing for novel treatments Answer: B. Providing a framework for decision-making based on current research Rationale: Evidence-based practice guides healthcare providers in prescribing medications by using current research and clinical guidelines to inform treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes.
24. How can healthcare providers ensure medication quality when prescribing medications across the lifespan? A. Tailoring medication regimens to patient preferences B. Regularly reviewing medication formulary guidelines C. Monitoring patient adherence to medication regimens D. Consulting with a pharmacist for medication interactions Answer: B. Regularly reviewing medication formulary guidelines Rationale: Ensuring medication quality involves following medication formulary guidelines to select appropriate medications and dosages based on current evidence and best practices.
25. Which of the following is an example of a regulatory requirement for prescribing controlled substances? A. Obtaining written informed consent from patients B. Monitoring patient adherence to medication regimens

28. How can healthcare providers ensure medication quality when prescribing across the lifespan? A. Relying on medication samples from pharmaceutical representatives B. Adjusting medication dosages without monitoring patient response C. Consulting medication formulary guidelines for evidence-based prescribing D. Prescribing high-cost brand-name medications without considering alternatives Answer: C. Consulting medication formulary guidelines for evidence- based prescribing Rationale: Ensuring medication quality involves following medication formulary guidelines to select appropriate and evidence-based medications for patient care.
29. What is a potential consequence of not considering legal implications when prescribing medications? A. Increased risk of medication errors B. Patient non-compliance with medication regimens C. Adverse drug reactions D. Violation of patient confidentiality Answer: A. Increased risk of medication errors Rationale: Not considering legal implications when prescribing medications may lead to medication errors that can harm patients and create legal risks for healthcare providers.
30. Which of the following is an example of an ethical dilemma healthcare providers may face when prescribing medications? A. Choosing between generic and brand-name medications B. Balancing the benefits and risks of a medication for a patient C. Deciding whether to disclose medication side effects to a patient D. Determining the appropriate dosage for a pediatric patient Answer: B. Balancing the benefits and risks of a medication for a patient Rationale: Ethical dilemmas in medication prescribing may involve weighing the potential benefits and risks of a medication to determine the

best course of treatment for a patient. Question: Which of the following factors should be considered when prescribing medications to pediatric patients? A) Weight-based dosing B) Renal function C) Cognitive ability D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above Rationale: Pediatric patients require individualized dosing taking into account their weight, renal function, and cognitive abilities to ensure safe and effective treatment. Question: When prescribing controlled substances, prescribers must adhere to which regulatory requirements? A) HIPAA regulations B) DEA regulations C) FDA regulations D) CDC guidelines Answer: B) DEA regulations Rationale: The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulates the prescribing and dispensing of controlled substances to prevent misuse and abuse. Question: Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of respecting a patient's autonomy in medication decisions? A) Beneficence B) Nonmaleficence C) Justice D) Autonomy Answer: D) Autonomy Rationale: Respecting a patient's autonomy allows them to make informed decisions about their treatment, including medication choices. Question: Adverse drug reactions that occur more frequently in older adults are often due to: A) Decreased hepatic function B) Increased renal function

A) Assess medication adherence B) Evaluate medication appropriateness in older adults C) Determine drug-drug interactions D) Monitor adverse drug reactions Answer: B) Evaluate medication appropriateness in older adults Rationale: The Beers Criteria provides guidance on potentially inappropriate medications for older adults to prevent adverse events. Question: Which of the following is a potential consequence of polypharmacy in elderly patients? A) Reduced risk of adverse drug reactions B) Increased medication adherence C) Drug interactions and side effects D) Improved cognitive function Answer: C) Drug interactions and side effects Rationale: Polypharmacy increases the risk of drug interactions, side effects, and non-adherence in elderly patients. Question: The term "pharmacodynamics" refers to: A) How the body affects the drug B) How the drug affects the body C) Drug metabolism in the liver D) Drug interactions with other medications Answer: B) How the drug affects the body Rationale: Pharmacodynamics focuses on the effects of a drug on the body, including its mechanism of action and therapeutic effects. Question: Which organization oversees the approval of new medications in the United States? A) WHO B) CDC C) FDA D) DEA Answer: C) FDA Rationale: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for evaluating and approving new medications for use in the United States. Question: When prescribing medications to pregnant patients, which

trimester is considered the safest for drug administration? A) First trimester B) Second trimester C) Third trimester D) Any trimester is safe Answer: B) Second trimester Rationale: The second trimester is generally considered the safest for medication use in pregnant patients due to reduced risks of adverse fetal effects. Question: Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors? A) Hyperkalemia B) Hypokalemia C) Hypoglycemia D) Hyperglycemia Answer: A) Hyperkalemia Rationale: ACE inhibitors can lead to elevated potassium levels (hyperkalemia) as a side effect of their mechanism of action. Question: The term "pharmacogenomics" refers to: A) The study of drug interactions B) The study of how genes influence an individual's response to medications C) The study of drug metabolism D) The study of drug safety profiles Answer: B) The study of how genes influence an individual's response to medications Rationale: Pharmacogenomics examines how genetic variations impact an individual's response to medications, guiding personalized treatment approaches. Question: Before prescribing a medication, prescribers should always consider the patient's: A) Insurance coverage B) Preferred pharmacy C) Medication allergies D) Social media presence