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Smooth Muscle and how it works, Study notes of Human Physiology

Notes on smooth muscle and how muscles contract

Typology: Study notes

2017/2018

Uploaded on 04/11/2018

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-Vascular
-Gastrointestinal
-Starts with The Stomach -Small Intestine -Colon
t
Contraction which
forces The food TO
go through Intestine
(Paristalisis)
-Smooth Muscle Is located in the
Urinary System
Located In The .Ureters
Bladder
.Respiratory System
-Bronchi ;-Causes Bronchial Constriction
.Reproductive System
-Uterus
.Ocular system
-Eye
-
Different
Internet
Bnelwegnskeietaeismootnmusaeu
. Skeletal muscle is primarily Controlled by The
Nervous System (stimulation of The release of cast ions )
°Smooth Muscle is Controlled by The nervous System as well as The Endocrine System (Release of hormones
)tAlso The
Paracrine System (Secretion )
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  • Vascular
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Starts (^) with The (^) Stomach - (^) Small Intestine - Colon

t

Contraction which

forces The food TO

go (^) through Intestine ( (^) Paristalisis)

  • Smooth (^) Muscle Is (^) located in (^) the

     Urinary System 

Located In The. Ureters

  • Bladder . Respiratory (^) System
  • Bronchi (^) ; - Causes (^) Bronchial Constriction . Reproductive (^) System
  • Uterus

. Ocular system

  • Eye

DifferentInternet

Bnelwegnskeietaeismootnmusaeu

. Skeletal muscle is

primarily Controlled^ by^ The Nervous (^) System ( (^) stimulation of The release of^ cast (^) ions ) ° Smooth (^) Muscle is Controlled (^) by The nervous (^) System as well as The Endocrine (^) System ( Release (^) of hormones) t^ Also (^) The Paracrine (^) System (^ Secretion )

  1. (^) Multiunit (^) Smooth Muscle

•• Has Discrete Innovation

  • where (^) you have discrete individual muscle cells that Act independently to (^) ensure we don't have (^) cell to (^) Cell Contact
    • You will find This in
      • Ocular (^) System → The (^) Eye
        • Cillarly Muscle : Involved (^) W / size Of (^) pupil
  • (^) Lense Muscle : Involved (^) wl (^) Focusing
  • Errector Pilli (^) Muscle : Involved (^) w/ Hair Shaft

' Response you get when You have the " Chills "

  1. UnitarySmooth Muscle

Here you will have many cells That contract Together as 1 unit

  • Forms (^) Sheets or Bundles of Cells . spindal Shape Cells Fiddleheads Then (^) outtapers
  • You will have (^) Tight Junctions That (^) will hold The muscles (^) Together as a (^) unit as a sheet
  • You will also have (^) gap junctions = allow ions To flow eaiser between cells
  • No (^) Striations (^) r ← -
  • I

NO Sarcomeres _. Connect to Filaments

  • Lose I

Arrangement of^ fibers^.

  • Gap Junctions line (^) Up for a How of ions

between Cells

  • In (^) Smooth (^) Muscle we have (^) dense bodies instead Of 2- (^) Lines That anchor +

filaments

  • Cavaloe = (^) Interaction . Line (^) up from cell (^) membrane +0 (^) Sarcloplasmic Reticulum . This (^) Is Used (^) instead of T - tubules

=^.

/

How Quickly How long does HOW Quickly does

Does The Channel The Channel remain The Channel Close?

Open?^ Open?

Nat Fastest Brief^ Fastest

K + Slow Brief Slow

Generate Action Potential : Ca 2-

  • Slowest^ Extended^ Slowest^ =^ More^ Cat^ +^ flow^!^!^!
  • (^) Nat is (^) not a (^) major influence of The (^) action (^) potential
  • Can & Kt (^) Are (^) major influences of The (^) Action (^) potential.
  • (^) Can (^) Channels (^) open (^) , we have a (^) Change of membrane

voltage as^ Cast^ enters^ The^ Cell^ ,^ since^ Ca2+^ open^ longerremain,^ We^ have^ a^ plateau^.

Effect of Local Conditions : Active Issue we have :

50% Of^ Contractions are induced (^02 )

by Nerves^.^ Decrease^ in^ Oxygen Concentration To with 02 being used for^ cellular respiration

generate ATP

50% Of Contractions (^ COZ)

are related^ To^ local^ Conditions or^ Involved with Hormones^ •^ Increase^ in^ Carbon Dioxide Concentration which will^ be Transported

. Increase in Hydrogen Ion Concentration

= We need more Oxygen in That location ( Tissue ) , in order To do That we need :

° Smooth Muscle in^ +0vessels relax

, so^ we^ Can^ increase^ The^ size^ of^ lumen

Which will^ result of^ more^ blood flow^ TO^ That^ Tissue

YOU would see a lot of This in Artiroies -

Heart - Arteries - Articles fetes Capillaries - venues - Veins

( Involved with

exchanging between tissuesMaterials

Blood Flow B.fm Heart )

Veins Arteries

B. F

( (^) /B

. F

Venules Artiroies

he /.^ make^ connections^ To

Capillaries Capillaries of^ Tissues

. involved W / ° Have No Nerve Connections

exchanging materials

between tissues

Same Molecules That (^) Act As (^) Hormones ° Hypothalamus (^) acting as an Endocrine (^) Organ

  • Acetylcholine Hormone : (^) Vasopressin = Anti - direct (^) hormone

and^ a

  • Norepinephrine (^) Involved wl water (^) e.balance in (^) The (^) kidneys
  • Epinephrine * : OxytocinHormone = (^) Effect on The (^) Uterus Example :^ Childbirth : - When (^) embryonic Sac breaks (^) , The (^) baby 's head Touches The cervix

receptors pick up That^ sensation^ send^ it^ To^ The^ hypothalamus To^ release^ Oxytocin

Oxytocin stimulates The Contraction of The smooth muscle in^ The uterus =^ We get Positive Feedback!

More muscles Contract =^ More Reception =^ More Oxytocin

. Once The baby is born ,

  • (^) Breast Tissue Lactation
    • Baby latches On to (^) nipple , baby sucks On The (^) nipple

Hypothalamus relieves^ That^ Sensation^?^ releases^ Oxytocin

Oxytocin will^ Control^ The^ ducts^ That^ release The milk^ To^ The^ nipple Positive^ Feedback

Oxytocin Is^ Involved^ in^ :

Mother 1 Child Bond

roduced (^) By The Liver

Mate Attraction

Hormone : Angiotensinogen

-^ contracts^ Muscles^ which^ will Ultimately on^ The^ Smooth^ muscle^ of^ blood^ vessels^ To^ cause^ Vasoco^ ?nstrict^ on^ =^ Results^ in^ decrease i. Increase^ ConcentrationPressure of^ Lumen^ LOCUSTSOccur in :

Solitary Phase^ -^ As^ population^ Increases

In Central Nervous System : overcrowding Occurs which leads

Hormone : Serotonin to physical Touching which causes a

. Affects your mood release Of Serotonin which Causes to enter

sworn Phase

. Involved with it modulates your behavior ( anger :c aggression ) IN^ All Cells

involved with Sex ÷^ A^ Petite Hormone^ :^ Histamine

° Increases

Capillary Permeability

= More stuff Comes Out Of

including (^) larger molecules Capillary

like Leukocytes

. Involved with Vasodillaticn

Respiratory System^ -^ Bronchial^ Constriction

(^2) Specific Locations : (^) Blood (^) passes (^) Through The Heart :

1. - trial Muscle^ Tricuspid^ Valve

  1. (^) Ventricular Muscle (^) Right Atrium - (^) (Superior Vena Cava food - Inferior Vena Cava - Right Ventricle e. Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary Arteries

  • (^) Semi where Lunar? Valve Arota (^) ← Left Ventricle (^) a- Left Atrium )

← ( LungsGas

  • Oz ExchangeComes ) Mitral valve In
  • Striated ( (^) like skeletal muscle ) Action Potential :

° Cyndicular Shape but with Branching ° Much faster Nat Channels

. Contain Tight Junctions Called Intercalated Disks. Slower Cat' Channels

In (^) Cardiac Muscle :

* You Want Them TO All Contract simultaneously Sarclolemma - T- tubules - Sarcloplasmic Reticulum

Cast (^) is Stored Catt (^) is Stored

Frank (^) - Starting Mechanism (^) : 2 Sources of Came Overall (^) Stronger Contraction

How Cardiac Tissue Functions?

" Chambers stretching as They Are being filled With blood.

The Greater^ ,^ The^ stretching of The Chamber as^ its^ filled^ with blood =^ Greater^ Volume of Blood Pumped

Autonomic Nervous System

' Sympathetic - Parasympathetic

Increases Heart Rate Decreases^ Heart^ Rate

  • Stimulatory Function. Acetylcholine That 's Acting on

Norepinephrine on excitatory

receptor +0 generate an

Action Potential inhibatony receptor

. Stops the effect of norepinephrine on excitony receptor = Reduces Heart Rate

Norepinephnn Increases^ Heart^ Acetylcholine Reduces^ Heart^ Rate

Rate

° Increase In Force of Contraction

  • (^) Increase volume of (^) blood (^) pumped ] In (^) Parasympathetic its Reverse (^) Right

Atnumiysianeantnjnaepnoggdefsaft

. Wogan

increase in ejection pumped by muscle of Right Left Atrium Atrial Ventricular Node ( AV Node )

Reviewers Atrium^ Delay^ .of^ Action^ Potential

.^ You^ making^ it^ more

Sympathetic all partsMotor of^ Nerves^ °^2 Vagus Nerves^ ^ SA^ Node^.^.^ Pacemaker^ negative to^ generate an^ AP.

once You have 1 Contraction^0444 Bundle of His ]

Ventricles - Sino atrial Node Timeon 5. intervalA node^ until^ next^ Action^ Potential Purtinge Fibers

. Atrialantnauar Nodl to^ causeboth 2 ventriclesventricles^ toTo contract

Simultaneously 1

Ran

1 Sec^ r

LP#Ty~μPicks^ up (^) Voltage differences (^) That act (^) on the (^) Cardiac Muscle Q S

Heart → Pericardium Activity -^ Skeletal in thorax Muscle To Skin

P - Wave : Attributed To Depolarization of Atrial Muscle Voltage Leakage

in (^) Terms of Action Potential Decrease In

Releasevoltage.

pick up voltage i.^ Amplify it

  • QRS (^) Complex : (^) Depolarization of Ventricles (^) just before Contraction

. T. Wave : Thepolarization of Ventricles

. You don't see a re polarization of Atrial Muscle blc it's occurring @ The Same time in QRS Complex which overshadows it