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Mammalogy lecture on the evolution of mammals over the last 65 million years.
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Invertebrate marine life rich and diverse insects evolve; dragonflies & beetles appear Amphibians decline, but reptiles undergo spectacular evolutionary radiation
COVER Artist's reconstruction of Castorocauda lutrasimilis diving into water. Castorocauda is an omnivorous mammal from the Middle Jurassic (~164 million years ago) and is the earliest known semi-aquatic animal in the mammalian lineage. See page 1123. Image: Mark A. Klingler, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
(.0115) Humans^ in^ NA
Homo habilis evolves; large forms of mammals
Adaptive radiation of birds
Glacial Cycles (~20) Continent drift
All modern groups present Adaptive radiation of mammals; herbaceous angiosperms
Still attached: NA & N Europe; Australia & Antarctica; shallow seas recede and transgress Modern bony fishes; extinction of ammonites, plesiosaurs, etc. At end, extinction of dinosaurs; rise of woody angiosperms, snakes
At end: Africa & SA begin to drift apart; at end, NA & SA separate; global transgression of shallow seas Plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs abundant Dinosaurs dominant; 1 st mammals, lizards and angiosperms appear at beginning; insects abundant
Pangaea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana 1 st^ plesiosaurs; ammonites abundant; rise of bony fishes Adaptive radiation of reptiles; therapsids, turtles, crocodiles, 1 st dinosaurs at beginning
Periodic glaciation; arid climate; at end formation of Pangaea Extinction of trilobites Reptiles abundant; cycads, conifers, ginkgos
Ammonites, bony fishes 1 st (^) reptiles
Warm humid climate; Pennsylvanian and Mississippian together make up the “Carboniferous” or “Age of Amphibians” Adaptive radiation of sharks Forests of lycopsids, seed ferns; amphibitans abundant; land snails
Extensive inland seas Cartilaginous & bony fish; ammonites, nautiloids Ferns, lycopsids, 1 st gymnosperms, 1 st^ insects, first amphibians
Mild climate; inland seas; Australian near equator Nautiloids & other molluscs; 1 st jawed fish at end
Mild climate/glaciation; inland seas; most landmasses located in southern or equatorial latitudes Trilobites abundant; 1srt jawless vertebrates 1 st^ fungi and bryophytes; 1 st^ millipedes?
At beginning, periodic glaciation (leading to lowering of sea level); Gondwana crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, sponges, annelids, etc. Lichens, mosses, perhaps some vascular plants? Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 ) Neo^ ,^ M EResoA^ S,^ Paleo^ O snoldewstba^ eukall earrtyoh?ti Stcs^ ro~2m,a^0001 tolit^ e,s^800 dive^ Mra,sif^ Syex,; V^ eMndietaanzoans fauna, Archean Eon ( 4600 ) Neo Meso ERAS Paleo Eo Earth formed; Earliest prokaryotic life at around 3,800 Ma; Stromatolites formed
“Age of Mammals” “Age of Dinosaurs” K/T boundary K/T boundary
K/TK/T boundary boundary
Most/all eutherian orders originated & diversify AFTER K/T (traditionally, fossils supported this)