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Pressure - ANSWER amount of force gas exterts on the walls of a container air moves from a region of high pressure to low pressure Volume - ANSWER 3 Dimensional space that a substance occupies Flow - ANSWER change in volume over time Chest-Wall Shape - ANSWER position of the chest wall (ribs, diaphragm, abs) Rest Breathing - ANSWER As the diaphragms lowers, negative pressure within the lungsis created air enters the lungs until lung pressure and air pressure is equalizedQuiet Breathing: 40% inspiration 60% expiration
Rest Breathing: Exhaltion - ANSWER Accomplished by elastic recoil forces lungs naturally want to contract and the rib cage wants to expand forces balanced at the end of expiration Rest Breathing: What happens - ANSWER Diaphragm lowers, creates negative pressurewithin lungs air enters until pressure is equalized between lungs and atmosphere 40% of the breath cycle is inspiration 60% is expiration Exhlation is accomplished by elastic recoil forces
Forces in Breathing - ANSWER Breathing is a combination of passive and active forces Passive Forces - ANSWER Recoil forces, surface tension of alveoli, gravity Active Forces - ANSWER Muscular forces Respiration and Speech - ANSWER Respiratory support necessary to generate enoughpressure for speech Subglottal Pressure- pressure used to cause vocal folds to vibrate, pressre below the vocal folds,relationship between pressure and intensity is 1:
What generates subglottal pressure - ANSWER Recoil forces of the rib cageGravity Muscular Forces Speech Requires What - ANSWER Speech Requires constant subglottal pressure for aconstant vocal intensity
Speech Breathing: Inspiration - ANSWER Major Muscle of Inspiration: diaphragm -diaphragm contracts and allows the lungs to expand in a vertical direction other muscles assist in inspiration (scalenes, pectoralis minor/major) Speech Breathing: Expiration - ANSWER Produced by relaxation of the muscles ofinspiration, and recoil forces of the rib cage. During Speech the expiration must be controlled so there will be continued contractionof the muscles of inspiration to check the recoil forces
Vital Capactiy - ANSWER the total amount of air an individual voluntarily inhale andexhale
Total Lung Capacity - ANSWER the maximum amount of air an individual's lung capacitycan hold
Inspiratory Capacity - ANSWER maximum amount of air that can be inspired fromexpiratory end of tidal volume
Functional Reserve Capactiy - ANSWER amount of air still present in lungs at theexpiratory end of tidal breathing
Respiration - ANSWER Movements of the chest wall and abdomen can provideinformation on speech breathing rib cage moves abdomen moves Relaxation Curve - ANSWER Lung Volues higher than resting level have positivepressure Lung Volumes lower than resting level have negative pressure To move from relaxation pressure we need... - ANSWER active muscular force. inspiratory muscular forces needed to generate negative pressure expiratory muscular forces needed to generate positive pressure Stready State Utterances - ANSWER Inspiration, Inspiratory muscular forces 'check' therecoil forces -the active forces decrease as % vital capacity goes down
When do inspiratory muscles no longer contract - ANSWER at the point where recoilforces equal the target subglottal pressure
How do we conintue to generate subglottal pressure once inspiratory muscles stop -ANSWER expiratory muscular forces to take -abdominal muscles continually active to help with precision of control of speechbreathing
Running Speech - ANSWER Volume, Pressure, shape much ore varied than in steadystate utterances -differences in phonemes, prosody, voice quality What lung capacity does running speech occur at? - ANSWER typically begins at twicethe level of tidal oume and continues until resting level may not need to use as much inpiratory braking or checking( unless speaking at louderintensity levels)
Primary Muscle for Inspiration - ANSWER Diaphragm Most important muscle of running speech - ANSWER the abdomen is active duringrunning speech and moves in to help diaphragm make quick inspiratory movements also helps lift rib cage wall, stretching the expiratory muscles of the rib cage Movements of the rib cage and streching of the expiratory muscles help what? -ANSWER Helps to make momentary changes in subglottal pressure
Adaptive Control - ANSWER May Change how we breathe for speech depending on bodyposition, physical activty, air temperature
Body Positions for Steady State Utterance - ANSWER Lying Down: Resting level is now20% of VC, increased influence of gravity, increasing relaxation pressure.
typially at syntactially-appropriate junctures when saying more, the inspiration is larger smaller utterances when cognitive-linguistic demands are higher Conversation - ANSWER Entrainment (mimicing breathing) of breathing cycles duringconversation Listener produces breathing patterns that mimic speaker's breathing Turn Taking/Converstaton - ANSWER Generally both will breathe in or out at the sametime, OR one breathes in while the other breathes out (synchronized)
Development of Speech Breathing - ANSWER As age increases, amount of air expired islarger, more variablity in shape, volume, use of ri cage and abdominal wall with each utterance between 5 weeks and 3 years Speech Breathing: Older Children - ANSWER Start and end breath groups at higher lungvolumes more air expired per syllable fewer syllables per breath group use higher pressure to speak At what age do children obtain adult like speech breathing? - ANSWER 10 Aging: Speech Breathing - ANSWER Changes at 70-80 years of age; start at larger lungvolumes, use a greater portion of vital capacity, more air expired per syllable
Pathology Behind aged speech breathing - ANSWER Male: Likely due to less efficientlaryneal valving Women: increase in non-speech expirations
Airflow: How is it measured - ANSWER Use a heated pneumotahograph. -flowmeter -differential pressure transducermeasures pressure differences and makes use of the Bernoulli effect to calculate flow.
Aerodynamic Analyses - ANSWER Tidal Volume, Vital Capacity, Inspiratory ReserveVolume, Expiratory Reserve Volume
