Download Speech and Language Disorders: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of Speech and Language and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
SLHS 321 NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (A+)
Anatomy - ANSWER structural make up of an organism or any of its parts Physiology - ANSWER study of functions and activities of living organisms sound - ANSWER an acoustic signal generated by sequencing of rapid, coordinatedmovement of functional components of speech
speech - ANSWER acoustic signal, coding or representation of language generated by asequence of rapid coordinated movements of the functional components of the speech mechanism speech mechanisms - ANSWER respiratoryphonatory resonatoryarticulatory
the 10 functional components of speech - ANSWER abdominal musclesdiaphragm rib cage larynxtoungue/pharynx posterior tongue anterior tonguevelopharynx
jaws lips communication disorders - ANSWER language disorders - ANSWER speech disorders - ANSWER can be due to anatomical differences, neurologicaldisorders and can be functional in nature. these include voice disorders. ex: cleft palate, dysarthria, apraxia, functional aphonia swallowing disorders - ANSWER cleft palate - ANSWER Congenital disorder characterized by incomplete development ofthe palate (clefting) Often associated with genetic disorders. its the same amount of air/pressure but it is coming through a bigger hole/cavity. its implications/treatmentmight be surgery or muscle training
speech sound disorders - ANSWER difficulty with speech sound(s)Typically developmental but May last into adulthoo
dysarthria - ANSWER Speech movements may be slower, faster, lack coordination,weaker, less precise. Caused by neurological differences, damage, or disorder Typically secondary to another disorder (e.g., Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson's Disease,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, stroke)
apraxia - ANSWER Difficulty with motor planning. Recognizes difficulty with theirspeech. Can occur on its own or co-occur with other disorders (e.g., dysarthria, aphasia) it is not due to weakness or paralysis of the speech muscles
Toward the center muscle - ANSWER tissue made of long fibers that contractmuscles only contract (shorten), pulling a structure
contraction - ANSWER when muscle fibers shorten in order to pull a structure antagonist - ANSWER the muscle that acts in opposition to the agonist agonist - ANSWER contracting muscle inferior - ANSWER Toward the bottom of the brain Synonymous with ventral in the brain superior - ANSWER Towards the top of the brain Synonymous with dorsal in the brain sagittal - ANSWER cuts the body in half (right and left) coronal plane - ANSWER cuts the body in half (front and back) transverse - ANSWER cuts the body in half (top and bottom) adduction - ANSWER Movement towards the body or midline abduction - ANSWER Movement away the body or midlin
ipsilateral - ANSWER Same side as the referent (MUST have a referent) For example, myright arm is ipsilateral to my right leg. You can NOT say my right arm is ipsilatera
contralateral - ANSWER Opposite side as the referent assessment - ANSWER a process of gathering information, organizing information, andthen interpreting information
diagnosis - ANSWER identifying the nature of a disorder prognosis - ANSWER predicting how much recovery will occur and at what speed treatment - ANSWER strategies, interventions, management options to help the client bea more effective communicator
speech chain - ANSWER what part of the speech chain is important to us? - ANSWER biological functions of respiratory system - ANSWER to breath so that we can live speech functions of respiratory system - ANSWER the source for our sound functional components of speech in the respiratory system (the 3 major components) -ANSWER diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and rib cage which provide the power to generate adequate sub glottal pressure necessary for phonation and speech. Phonation - ANSWER vibrating the vocal folds, a sound source needed to produce
contribute both passive and active forces of breathing. diaphragm - ANSWER primary muscle for inspiration.Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen •Innervated by the phrenic nerve •Contraction of the diaphragm results in it moving downward, causing the lungs to expand in avertical direction
accessory muscles - ANSWER other muscles that assist in inspiration. scalenes,pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior
scalenes - ANSWER contraction results in rising of first and second rib pectoralis minor - ANSWER contraction elevates the second through fifth rib pectoralis major - ANSWER contraction pulls sternum and ribs upward serratus anterior - ANSWER contraction results in elevation of upper rib abdominal content that helps with expiration - oblique • rectus abdominis • transverse abdominal ANSWER external oblique • internal
spinal column - ANSWER -composed of 34 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic where ribsattach and is the basis for the respiratory frame work, 5 lumbar used for weight bearing, 5 sacral, and 5 coccygeal) pelvic girdle - ANSWER point of attachment of the upper extremities to the spinal columnand rib cage. it includes the illium and hip bone which support weight for leg use.
pectoral girdle - ANSWER Point of attachment of the upper extremities to the spinalcolumn and rib cage. structures include the clavical(collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
sternum - ANSWER also known as breast bone. has three parts (manubrium whereclavicle and 1st rib attaches to , body where ribs 2-7, and xiphoid process which ossifies with age) ribs attach here how are the lungs connected to the thorax - ANSWER the pleural linkage external intercostal - ANSWER between the ribs on the outside of the thoracic cage internal intercostal - ANSWER between the inside of the thoracic cage. interchondral portion:Contraction causes the ribs to lift (like external intercostals) ->inspiration interosseous portion: experation periodic sound - ANSWER the same frequency that can continue as a sustained sound.ex:uhhhhhhh
aperiodic - ANSWER you can change the shape and frequency of a sound. model of expressive language - ANSWER message planning --> message coding-->motorplanning/programing-->motor execution
levels of observation - ANSWER neural-nervous system muscular-muscle forces structural- how structures are timedin reation to the movements of other stucturesaeromechanical- airflow acoustic perceptual-
of air in the pulmonary apparatus flow - ANSWER shape - ANSWER the configuration of an object, independent of size and volume. we areinterested in the shape of the chest wall.
lung volume vs capacity - ANSWER volume is how much space an object takes up andcapacity is how much volume an object can hold
total lung capaity - ANSWER RV + TV + IRV + ERV = Total lung capacit IRV - ANSWER inspiratory reserve volume: the maximum volume of air that can beinspired from the tidal end inspiratory level.
TV - ANSWER tidal volume: the volume of air inspired or expired during the breathingcycle.
ERV - ANSWER expiratory reserve volume: the maximum volume of air that can beexpired from the tidal end expiratory level
RV - ANSWER residual volume: the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the endof a maximum expiration
TLC - ANSWER total lung capacity: the volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus at theend of a maximum inspiration.
IC - ANSWER inspiratory capacity: the maximum volume of air that can be inspired fromresting tidal end expiratory level.
FRC - ANSWER functional residual capacity: the volume of air in the pulmonaryapparatus at the resting tidal end expiratory level
VC - ANSWER vital capacity: the maximum volume of air that can be expired following amaximum inspiration.
kinematic measures of respiration - ANSWER pressure-volume curve figure - ANSWER adaptive control of speech breathing - ANSWER body position: gravity affects ourmuscles other physical activity: such as walking up stairs air temperature affects of body position - ANSWER Depends primarily on the role of gravity in affecting abdominal content • The more the diaphragm is pushed towards the head, the lower the resting level of the respiratory system • The more upright you become, the more relaxation pressure increases for any lung volume because the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage do more checking In more supine positions, the diaphragm does more checking Expiratory rib cage muscles participate in running speech in all body positionsBody type modifications also play a role (the skinnier you are the less gravity affects you) speech breathing at high drive - ANSWER like at a sport, more air has to be exchanged.therefore you use less words per breath group, you have large shape changes and begin utterances at higher lung volumes all while still pausing between phrases atsyntactically appropriate points.
cognitions affects on breathing - ANSWER this is used in conversation. when talking webreath at syntactically appropriate spots and when we have a longer sentence to say we
Difficulty with timing speech breathing perceptual indicators of respiratory impairments - ANSWER abnormal loudness short breath groups • fatigue with extended speakingclavicular breathing stereotypical breath lengths long inspiratory pausehave a disorder that includes dysarthria
compensatory strategies for respiratory issues - ANSWER Speakers with dysarthria may compensate for their respiratory difficulties by: • shortening breath groups • speak more softly • inhale a larger amount • speak one word at a time • clavicular breathing
