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SLHS 321 Final Exam: Acoustics and Phonetics, Exams of Advanced Education

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in acoustics and phonetics, particularly focusing on the production of speech sounds. It includes definitions, explanations, and exercises related to topics such as vocal tract filtering, formants, resonance, antiresonance, and the production of vowels, consonants, stops, and fricatives. Valuable for students studying speech science, linguistics, or related fields.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/20/2025

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SLHS 321 FINAL EXAM WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS (A+)
Filter - ANSWER device that allows some things to go through, but not others
true or false, vocal tract can act as a filter? - ANSWER True, some frequencies can pass
through, others may not
sound sources - ANSWER -phonation
-stop-plosion
-frication
period - ANSWER time to complete 1 cycle (for speech- 1 glottal cycle)
frequency - ANSWER the inverse of period
formula for frequency - ANSWER f=1/T
fourier analysis - ANSWER isolate frequencies in a signal & lets you look @ the list of
them
fundamental frequency - ANSWER lowest frequency (F0)
fundamental frequency is also the ___________ harmonic - ANSWER 1st harmonic (H1)
harmonics - ANSWER whole # multiples of F0
(ex. H2= 2 x F0, H3= 3 x F0, etc.)
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15

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SLHS 321 FINAL EXAM WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS (A+)

Filter - ANSWER device that allows some things to go through, but not others true or false, vocal tract can act as a filter? - ANSWER True, some frequencies can passthrough, others may not

sound sources - ANSWER -phonation -stop-plosion -frication period - ANSWER time to complete 1 cycle (for speech- 1 glottal cycle) frequency - ANSWER the inverse of period formula for frequency - ANSWER f=1/T fourier analysis - ANSWER isolate frequencies in a signal & lets you look @ the list ofthem

fundamental frequency - ANSWER lowest frequency (F0) fundamental frequency is also the ___________ harmonic - ANSWER 1st harmonic (H1) harmonics - ANSWER whole # multiples of F (ex. H2= 2 x F0, H3= 3 x F0, etc.)

vocal tract - ANSWER a tube @ 1 closed end ("closed" @ level of the larynx) true or false, configurations of the vocal tract have a filter function? - ANSWER true!(allows some harmonics to pass through)

harmonics at/around resonance frequencies are ______________ - ANSWER amplified resonance - ANSWER the reinforcement, amplification, or prolongation of sound by thesynchronous vibration of a neighboring object @a specific frequency

harmonics are either amplified (peaks) or ______________ (troughs) - ANSWER dampened calculate relative amplitude by taking the source & multiplying by the ________________ -ANSWER filter function

regions of high energy are known as _____________ - ANSWER formants the first 3 formants are important for: - ANSWER acoustic & perceptual specification ofa vowel

______________ occurs when resonant frequencies of a nearby structure absorb energyfrom the acoustic signal - ANSWER damping

we will get ___________ energy absorption when connecting other "tubes" to the vocaltract - ANSWER more

VP port is _________ so the nasal cavity is coupled to the oral cavity (open or closed?) - ANSWER open

F1 & F2 varies with __________ & ____________ - ANSWER height and placement vowels - ANSWER -can model vocal tract as a single tube (from glottis to lips) -PERIODIC sound source consonants - ANSWER vocal tract configurations for some sounds CANNOT be modeledas a single tube -APERIODIC sound sources coupled resonators (shunt resonators) consist of - ANSWER - nasals (/m/,/n/)- laterals (/l/)

  • others obstruents - ANSWER sounds where the sound source is produced b/w 2 resonatingcavities (ex. /sh/) obstruents are a sound source generated b/w which 2 resonating cavities? - ANSWER aFRONT cavity & a BACK cavity

front cavity - ANSWER from constriction point to teeth resonance back cavity - ANSWER from constriction to glottisantiresonance

when the sound in the cavity is trapped, it generates ____________________ - ANSWERantiresonance

voiceless fricatives (i.e. /sh/) - ANSWER frication sound source ONLY voiced fricatives (i.e. /z/) - ANSWER frication superimposed on phonation as air passes through the constriction site, speed _______________ - ANSWER increases turbulence - ANSWER air flows out as a jet surrounded by areas of rotating, randomlymoving air molecules

frication source is affected by the resonant characteristics of the __________________ -ANSWER vocal tract (similar to vowels) for fricatives, jet of air may hit an obstacle (such as teeth) which may be an additionalsource of frication for the phonemes: - ANSWER /s/ and /sh/

/s/ and /sh/ have ____________ amplitude/intensity - ANSWER greater place of constriction divides vocal tract into 2: _______________ & _______________ -ANSWER front cavity & back cavity

where is the source of frication? - ANSWER @ constriction point and/or @ obstacle infront of constriction (i.e. teeth)

sounds will radiate in both directions: - ANSWER to front and out the mouth & to backand towards glottis

for fricatives, what cavity shapes the resonances? - ANSWER front cavity

Voice Onset Time (VOT) - ANSWER when sound begins voiceless= release + stop +aspirationvoiced= release + frication

voiceless VOT - ANSWER release + frication +aspiration voiced VOT - ANSWER release + frication stops consist of a ____________ & ______________ - ANSWER closure & release closure - ANSWER aka: silent interval -little to no acoustic energy from vocal tract -voiced stops may have some acoustic energy from the vocal fold vibration release - ANSWER aka: burst -quick, sudden drop in intraoral pressure-lasts no more than 2 ms

stops have a spike of airflow for the release, which is followed by ______________ -ANSWER turbulent airflow (frication) (which is caused by narrow constriction as articulators move apart)*short duration

for _____________ stops, there is aspiration - ANSWER voiceless aspiration for voiceless stops is caused by: - ANSWER turbulent airflow @ the glottis

for voiceless stops, vocal folds ____________ to begin voicing for the subsequent vowel -ANSWER adduct

aspiration for voiceless stops are _______________ ms in duration - ANSWER 10-30 ms For stops, VOT will vary in ____________ - ANSWER duration VOT for voiceless stops - ANSWER 40-80 ms VOT for voiced stops - ANSWER <20 ms similar to fricatives, stops have ________________ & _________________ - ANSWERresonances & antiresonances

stops have sound radiating to cavities ________________ - ANSWER in front & behindconstriction

example of a voiced plosive - ANSWER /b/ example of voiceless unaspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "spy" example of voiceless aspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "pie" affricates are a combination of _____________ + _______________ - ANSWER stops +fricatives

the /ch/ in "chew" is an example of a(n) - ANSWER affricate

why is it difficult to identify formants in a nasal consonant? - ANSWER because it's sofaint, they blur together

which is more intense, nasals or laterals? - ANSWER laterals (break b/w vowels & laterals is less clear) _____________ can be indicated by a silent interval followed by a burst - ANSWER stops more about stops - ANSWER -no sound coming out of mouth -oral pressure builds-oral pressure quickly releases

voiced stops have a ____________ - ANSWER voice bar for voiced stops, VF vibration causes vibration in ________________ - ANSWER cheeks &neck

true or false, stop bursts have frequency through most of the frequency range? -ANSWER true

true or false, every stop will show both a silent interval & clear burst? - ANSWER false (b/c ambiguity in normal speakers, and sometimes bursts may be missing entirely) how to know is speakers are pausing or actually producing a stop: - ANSWER silentinterval for stop < 120 ms pause > 150 ms (but typically > 200 ms to be sure) how to find fricatives on a spectrum - ANSWER aperiodic intervals

-aperiodic energy -vary in duration (time) -vary in intensity**generally long durations + increased intensity

duration of a vowel - ANSWER 1st glottal pulse to last full glottal pulse duration of a stop - ANSWER last full glottal pulse of preceding vowel to 1st glottal pulseof the following vowel (end of aperiodic noise to beginning of glottal pulse on next vowel) rules for stops - ANSWER -when following a fricative (like /st/), the stop BEGINS @ theEND OF APERIODIC EVENT for the fricative -when stops follow each other (ex. dog bellowed), have to look @end of burst of the 1stone

fricatives - ANSWER last glottal pulse of the preceding vowel to 1st full glottal pulse ofthe following vowel

rules for fricatives - ANSWER when fricatives follow each other (ex. the dogs fell), haveto look @changing spectrum (frequency content)

1st fundamental frequency (F0) always has a ____________________ - ANSWER whitehorizontal gap

other names for stop gap - ANSWER closure or silent interval challenges of segmenting a spectrum: - ANSWER -where do words/phrases end?-vowel before/after nasal, diphthongs, glides, etc.

  1. pharyngeal transport
  2. esophageal transport
  3. Oral Preparatory - ANSWER -beginning of swallow (food placed in mouth) Liquids - ANSWER -lip closure -back of tongue contacts velum to form posterior "wall" -VP port remains open for breathing but many people start holding their breath Solids - ANSWER -rotary & lateral tongue movement -rotary jaw movement (chewing)-food mixes w/ saliva -variable duration (3-25 seconds or so)
  4. Oral Transport - ANSWER -food in a bolus -bolus is propelled backward by tongue ends w/bolus passing anterior faucial pillars, triggering swallowingbegins w/tongue tip elevating & squeezing bolus against the palate (approximately 1 second in duration)
  5. Pharyngeal Transport - ANSWER VERY CRITICAL PHASE -begins w/ triggering of swallow tongue root moves backpharyngeal constriction from superior to inferior direction -ends w/bolus @ cricopharyngeal junction, muscle relaxes, to let food enter(about 0.5 seconds) *process is automatic

pharyngeal transport phase (continued) - ANSWER - VP closure

  • larynx moves up & forward- laryngeal closure (true VF's, false VF's, aryepiglottic folds) -epiglottis inverts
  1. Esophageal Transport - ANSWER -begins w/bolus entering esophagus -esophagus propels food down (peristalsis) into stomach-ends w/bolus entering stomach (about 8-20 seconds) does swallowing happen during inspiration or expiration? - ANSWER Expiration (expiration begins -> interrupted by swallow -> expiration continues) *but some people do inspire after swallowing swallowing variables - ANSWER consistency & volume consistency - ANSWER on a continuum from thicker to thinner volume - ANSWER larger, faster movements w/ larger volumes swallowing instrumentation - ANSWER -videofluoroscopy (MBS) -endoscopy (FEES) Videofluoroscopy - ANSWER - x-ray imaging during swallowing of various foodconsistencies mixed w/ barium sulfate
  • "modified barium swallow study" (MBS)

Swallowing Disorders - ANSWER - dysphagia

  • penetration
  • aspiration Impacts of Dysphagia - ANSWER - affects nutrition and/or hydration- aspiration can lead to pneumonia, chronic lung disease
  • can be uncomfortable or painful, lessens enjoyment of eating or drinking Impact on Quality of Life - **ANSWER • Everyday routines (grocery shopping, cooking)
  • Social activities (getting coffee with a friend, celebrating social occasions)
  • Emotional well being (embarrassment, social isolation)** Disorders Associated with Swallowing Disorders - **ANSWER • Stroke
  • TBI (traumatic brain injury) • Cerebral palsy
  • Head and neck cancer
  • GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) • And others**

Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing Penetration - ANSWER Material enters the larynx but not past the true vocal folds Aspiration - ANSWER Material (aside from air) penetrating all three valves of the larynx Aspiration can occur: - ANSWER • Before the swallow

- During the swallow

**- After the swallow

  • It can also be silent (no observable sign that aspiration has occurred)** Assessment - ANSWER 1. Bedside Examination
  1. Food Trials3. Instrumental Measures

questions to ask - ANSWER - Can the patient swallow safely?- Does the patient need further assessment, a referral, or an instrumental study?

Bedside Exam Goal - ANSWER Goal is to identify if there is/are: • Oral motor difficulties in the face, tongue, lips, jaw, palate, pharynx, larynx

- A significant risk of pharyngeal stage swallowing impairment Bedside Exam - **ANSWER • General alertness

  • Patient complaints** avoid? -when did it start? What makes it worse? Are there certain foods you **- History of pneumonia
  • Vocal quality • Oral mechanism exam**

Food Trials - • Assessi ng timing of the various stages ANSWER • Solids and liquids of varying textures

**- May be prolonged

  • Listen for signs & symptoms of dysphagia during oral & pharyngeal phases** Difficulties During Oral Phases (Prep and Transport) - between the cheeks/gums ANSWER • Pocketing of food

**- Head turned to damaged side

  • Lying down to reduce gravity if pharyngeal residue
  • Effortful Swallow • Supraglottic Swallow: (hold breath, swallow, cough)
  • Mendelsohn Maneuver** several seconds -swallow, raise larynx, grab onto larynx with strap muscles for

The Fourier transform gives which type of information about sound? - ANSWERfrequency & amplitude information

If an oscillation has a frequency of 100 Hz, how long is its period? - ANSWER 0.01 sec If a speaker diaphragm vibration has a period of 8 ms, the first harmonic would be: -ANSWER 125 HZ

Your client is producing a fundamental frequency of 205 Hz. The 8th harmonic would be:- ANSWER 1640 HZ

A low front vowel will have a ______ F1 and a _____ F2 - ANSWER high; high A low back vowel will have a ________ F1 and a __________ F2 - ANSWER high; low The sound source for vowels is the vibration of the _____________ - ANSWER vocal folds formants represent: - ANSWER the resonant frequencies of the oral cavity F1 represents: - ANSWER Vowel height (low, high) F2 represents: - ANSWER Vowel front/backness

Affricates can be described as _____________ because of the extended frication portionof a stop - ANSWER slowly released stops

Which of the following appears white (little turbulence) on a spectrogram? - ANSWERstop gap

Pharyngeal Phase Difficulties - ANSWER - labored, effortful or weak swallowing- gurgling voice or wet cough

  • complaints of food "sticking" in the throat
  • coughing during eating or drinking- coughing after swallow
  • coughing up food residue in order to count as aspiration, a substance must pass the ________________ - ANSWER -epiglottis
  • aryepiglottic folds- false vocal folds
  • true vocal folds which type of visualization technique may use food dye? - ANSWER Endoscope (FEES) which phase only takes 1 second on average? - ANSWER oral transport in what phase does the velopharyngeal port close? - ANSWER Pharyngeal Transport when does the back of the tongue raise up to separate the oral & pharyngeal cavity? -ANSWER oral preparatory