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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in acoustics and phonetics, particularly focusing on the production of speech sounds. It includes definitions, explanations, and exercises related to topics such as vocal tract filtering, formants, resonance, antiresonance, and the production of vowels, consonants, stops, and fricatives. Valuable for students studying speech science, linguistics, or related fields.
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Filter - ANSWER device that allows some things to go through, but not others true or false, vocal tract can act as a filter? - ANSWER True, some frequencies can passthrough, others may not
sound sources - ANSWER -phonation -stop-plosion -frication period - ANSWER time to complete 1 cycle (for speech- 1 glottal cycle) frequency - ANSWER the inverse of period formula for frequency - ANSWER f=1/T fourier analysis - ANSWER isolate frequencies in a signal & lets you look @ the list ofthem
fundamental frequency - ANSWER lowest frequency (F0) fundamental frequency is also the ___________ harmonic - ANSWER 1st harmonic (H1) harmonics - ANSWER whole # multiples of F (ex. H2= 2 x F0, H3= 3 x F0, etc.)
vocal tract - ANSWER a tube @ 1 closed end ("closed" @ level of the larynx) true or false, configurations of the vocal tract have a filter function? - ANSWER true!(allows some harmonics to pass through)
harmonics at/around resonance frequencies are ______________ - ANSWER amplified resonance - ANSWER the reinforcement, amplification, or prolongation of sound by thesynchronous vibration of a neighboring object @a specific frequency
harmonics are either amplified (peaks) or ______________ (troughs) - ANSWER dampened calculate relative amplitude by taking the source & multiplying by the ________________ -ANSWER filter function
regions of high energy are known as _____________ - ANSWER formants the first 3 formants are important for: - ANSWER acoustic & perceptual specification ofa vowel
______________ occurs when resonant frequencies of a nearby structure absorb energyfrom the acoustic signal - ANSWER damping
we will get ___________ energy absorption when connecting other "tubes" to the vocaltract - ANSWER more
VP port is _________ so the nasal cavity is coupled to the oral cavity (open or closed?) - ANSWER open
F1 & F2 varies with __________ & ____________ - ANSWER height and placement vowels - ANSWER -can model vocal tract as a single tube (from glottis to lips) -PERIODIC sound source consonants - ANSWER vocal tract configurations for some sounds CANNOT be modeledas a single tube -APERIODIC sound sources coupled resonators (shunt resonators) consist of - ANSWER - nasals (/m/,/n/)- laterals (/l/)
front cavity - ANSWER from constriction point to teeth resonance back cavity - ANSWER from constriction to glottisantiresonance
when the sound in the cavity is trapped, it generates ____________________ - ANSWERantiresonance
voiceless fricatives (i.e. /sh/) - ANSWER frication sound source ONLY voiced fricatives (i.e. /z/) - ANSWER frication superimposed on phonation as air passes through the constriction site, speed _______________ - ANSWER increases turbulence - ANSWER air flows out as a jet surrounded by areas of rotating, randomlymoving air molecules
frication source is affected by the resonant characteristics of the __________________ -ANSWER vocal tract (similar to vowels) for fricatives, jet of air may hit an obstacle (such as teeth) which may be an additionalsource of frication for the phonemes: - ANSWER /s/ and /sh/
/s/ and /sh/ have ____________ amplitude/intensity - ANSWER greater place of constriction divides vocal tract into 2: _______________ & _______________ -ANSWER front cavity & back cavity
where is the source of frication? - ANSWER @ constriction point and/or @ obstacle infront of constriction (i.e. teeth)
sounds will radiate in both directions: - ANSWER to front and out the mouth & to backand towards glottis
for fricatives, what cavity shapes the resonances? - ANSWER front cavity
Voice Onset Time (VOT) - ANSWER when sound begins voiceless= release + stop +aspirationvoiced= release + frication
voiceless VOT - ANSWER release + frication +aspiration voiced VOT - ANSWER release + frication stops consist of a ____________ & ______________ - ANSWER closure & release closure - ANSWER aka: silent interval -little to no acoustic energy from vocal tract -voiced stops may have some acoustic energy from the vocal fold vibration release - ANSWER aka: burst -quick, sudden drop in intraoral pressure-lasts no more than 2 ms
stops have a spike of airflow for the release, which is followed by ______________ -ANSWER turbulent airflow (frication) (which is caused by narrow constriction as articulators move apart)*short duration
for _____________ stops, there is aspiration - ANSWER voiceless aspiration for voiceless stops is caused by: - ANSWER turbulent airflow @ the glottis
for voiceless stops, vocal folds ____________ to begin voicing for the subsequent vowel -ANSWER adduct
aspiration for voiceless stops are _______________ ms in duration - ANSWER 10-30 ms For stops, VOT will vary in ____________ - ANSWER duration VOT for voiceless stops - ANSWER 40-80 ms VOT for voiced stops - ANSWER <20 ms similar to fricatives, stops have ________________ & _________________ - ANSWERresonances & antiresonances
stops have sound radiating to cavities ________________ - ANSWER in front & behindconstriction
example of a voiced plosive - ANSWER /b/ example of voiceless unaspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "spy" example of voiceless aspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "pie" affricates are a combination of _____________ + _______________ - ANSWER stops +fricatives
the /ch/ in "chew" is an example of a(n) - ANSWER affricate
why is it difficult to identify formants in a nasal consonant? - ANSWER because it's sofaint, they blur together
which is more intense, nasals or laterals? - ANSWER laterals (break b/w vowels & laterals is less clear) _____________ can be indicated by a silent interval followed by a burst - ANSWER stops more about stops - ANSWER -no sound coming out of mouth -oral pressure builds-oral pressure quickly releases
voiced stops have a ____________ - ANSWER voice bar for voiced stops, VF vibration causes vibration in ________________ - ANSWER cheeks &neck
true or false, stop bursts have frequency through most of the frequency range? -ANSWER true
true or false, every stop will show both a silent interval & clear burst? - ANSWER false (b/c ambiguity in normal speakers, and sometimes bursts may be missing entirely) how to know is speakers are pausing or actually producing a stop: - ANSWER silentinterval for stop < 120 ms pause > 150 ms (but typically > 200 ms to be sure) how to find fricatives on a spectrum - ANSWER aperiodic intervals
-aperiodic energy -vary in duration (time) -vary in intensity**generally long durations + increased intensity
duration of a vowel - ANSWER 1st glottal pulse to last full glottal pulse duration of a stop - ANSWER last full glottal pulse of preceding vowel to 1st glottal pulseof the following vowel (end of aperiodic noise to beginning of glottal pulse on next vowel) rules for stops - ANSWER -when following a fricative (like /st/), the stop BEGINS @ theEND OF APERIODIC EVENT for the fricative -when stops follow each other (ex. dog bellowed), have to look @end of burst of the 1stone
fricatives - ANSWER last glottal pulse of the preceding vowel to 1st full glottal pulse ofthe following vowel
rules for fricatives - ANSWER when fricatives follow each other (ex. the dogs fell), haveto look @changing spectrum (frequency content)
1st fundamental frequency (F0) always has a ____________________ - ANSWER whitehorizontal gap
other names for stop gap - ANSWER closure or silent interval challenges of segmenting a spectrum: - ANSWER -where do words/phrases end?-vowel before/after nasal, diphthongs, glides, etc.
pharyngeal transport phase (continued) - ANSWER - VP closure
Swallowing Disorders - ANSWER - dysphagia
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing Penetration - ANSWER Material enters the larynx but not past the true vocal folds Aspiration - ANSWER Material (aside from air) penetrating all three valves of the larynx Aspiration can occur: - ANSWER • Before the swallow
- During the swallow
**- After the swallow
questions to ask - ANSWER - Can the patient swallow safely?- Does the patient need further assessment, a referral, or an instrumental study?
Bedside Exam Goal - ANSWER Goal is to identify if there is/are: • Oral motor difficulties in the face, tongue, lips, jaw, palate, pharynx, larynx
- A significant risk of pharyngeal stage swallowing impairment Bedside Exam - **ANSWER • General alertness
Food Trials - • Assessi ng timing of the various stages ANSWER • Solids and liquids of varying textures
**- May be prolonged
**- Head turned to damaged side
The Fourier transform gives which type of information about sound? - ANSWERfrequency & amplitude information
If an oscillation has a frequency of 100 Hz, how long is its period? - ANSWER 0.01 sec If a speaker diaphragm vibration has a period of 8 ms, the first harmonic would be: -ANSWER 125 HZ
Your client is producing a fundamental frequency of 205 Hz. The 8th harmonic would be:- ANSWER 1640 HZ
A low front vowel will have a ______ F1 and a _____ F2 - ANSWER high; high A low back vowel will have a ________ F1 and a __________ F2 - ANSWER high; low The sound source for vowels is the vibration of the _____________ - ANSWER vocal folds formants represent: - ANSWER the resonant frequencies of the oral cavity F1 represents: - ANSWER Vowel height (low, high) F2 represents: - ANSWER Vowel front/backness
Affricates can be described as _____________ because of the extended frication portionof a stop - ANSWER slowly released stops
Which of the following appears white (little turbulence) on a spectrogram? - ANSWERstop gap
Pharyngeal Phase Difficulties - ANSWER - labored, effortful or weak swallowing- gurgling voice or wet cough