Download SLHS 321 Final Exam: Acoustics and Phonetics and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
SLHS 321 FINAL EXAM WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS (A+)
Filter - ANSWER device that allows some things to go through, but not others true or false, vocal tract can act as a filter? - ANSWER True, some frequencies can passthrough, others may not
sound sources - ANSWER -phonation -stop-plosion -frication period - ANSWER time to complete 1 cycle (for speech- 1 glottal cycle) frequency - ANSWER the inverse of period formula for frequency - ANSWER f=1/T fourier analysis - ANSWER isolate frequencies in a signal & lets you look @ the list ofthem
fundamental frequency - ANSWER lowest frequency (F0) fundamental frequency is also the ___________ harmonic - ANSWER 1st harmonic (H1) harmonics - ANSWER whole # multiples of F (ex. H2= 2 x F0, H3= 3 x F0, etc.)
vocal tract - ANSWER a tube @ 1 closed end ("closed" @ level of the larynx) true or false, configurations of the vocal tract have a filter function? - ANSWER true!(allows some harmonics to pass through)
harmonics at/around resonance frequencies are ______________ - ANSWER amplified resonance - ANSWER the reinforcement, amplification, or prolongation of sound by thesynchronous vibration of a neighboring object @a specific frequency
harmonics are either amplified (peaks) or ______________ (troughs) - ANSWER dampened calculate relative amplitude by taking the source & multiplying by the ________________ -ANSWER filter function
regions of high energy are known as _____________ - ANSWER formants the first 3 formants are important for: - ANSWER acoustic & perceptual specification ofa vowel
______________ occurs when resonant frequencies of a nearby structure absorb energyfrom the acoustic signal - ANSWER damping
we will get ___________ energy absorption when connecting other "tubes" to the vocaltract - ANSWER more
VP port is _________ so the nasal cavity is coupled to the oral cavity (open or closed?) - ANSWER open
F1 & F2 varies with __________ & ____________ - ANSWER height and placement vowels - ANSWER -can model vocal tract as a single tube (from glottis to lips) -PERIODIC sound source consonants - ANSWER vocal tract configurations for some sounds CANNOT be modeledas a single tube -APERIODIC sound sources coupled resonators (shunt resonators) consist of - ANSWER - nasals (/m/,/n/)- laterals (/l/)
- others obstruents - ANSWER sounds where the sound source is produced b/w 2 resonatingcavities (ex. /sh/) obstruents are a sound source generated b/w which 2 resonating cavities? - ANSWER aFRONT cavity & a BACK cavity
front cavity - ANSWER from constriction point to teeth resonance back cavity - ANSWER from constriction to glottisantiresonance
when the sound in the cavity is trapped, it generates ____________________ - ANSWERantiresonance
voiceless fricatives (i.e. /sh/) - ANSWER frication sound source ONLY voiced fricatives (i.e. /z/) - ANSWER frication superimposed on phonation as air passes through the constriction site, speed _______________ - ANSWER increases turbulence - ANSWER air flows out as a jet surrounded by areas of rotating, randomlymoving air molecules
frication source is affected by the resonant characteristics of the __________________ -ANSWER vocal tract (similar to vowels) for fricatives, jet of air may hit an obstacle (such as teeth) which may be an additionalsource of frication for the phonemes: - ANSWER /s/ and /sh/
/s/ and /sh/ have ____________ amplitude/intensity - ANSWER greater place of constriction divides vocal tract into 2: _______________ & _______________ -ANSWER front cavity & back cavity
where is the source of frication? - ANSWER @ constriction point and/or @ obstacle infront of constriction (i.e. teeth)
sounds will radiate in both directions: - ANSWER to front and out the mouth & to backand towards glottis
for fricatives, what cavity shapes the resonances? - ANSWER front cavity
Voice Onset Time (VOT) - ANSWER when sound begins voiceless= release + stop +aspirationvoiced= release + frication
voiceless VOT - ANSWER release + frication +aspiration voiced VOT - ANSWER release + frication stops consist of a ____________ & ______________ - ANSWER closure & release closure - ANSWER aka: silent interval -little to no acoustic energy from vocal tract -voiced stops may have some acoustic energy from the vocal fold vibration release - ANSWER aka: burst -quick, sudden drop in intraoral pressure-lasts no more than 2 ms
stops have a spike of airflow for the release, which is followed by ______________ -ANSWER turbulent airflow (frication) (which is caused by narrow constriction as articulators move apart)*short duration
for _____________ stops, there is aspiration - ANSWER voiceless aspiration for voiceless stops is caused by: - ANSWER turbulent airflow @ the glottis
for voiceless stops, vocal folds ____________ to begin voicing for the subsequent vowel -ANSWER adduct
aspiration for voiceless stops are _______________ ms in duration - ANSWER 10-30 ms For stops, VOT will vary in ____________ - ANSWER duration VOT for voiceless stops - ANSWER 40-80 ms VOT for voiced stops - ANSWER <20 ms similar to fricatives, stops have ________________ & _________________ - ANSWERresonances & antiresonances
stops have sound radiating to cavities ________________ - ANSWER in front & behindconstriction
example of a voiced plosive - ANSWER /b/ example of voiceless unaspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "spy" example of voiceless aspirated plosive - ANSWER /p/ in "pie" affricates are a combination of _____________ + _______________ - ANSWER stops +fricatives
the /ch/ in "chew" is an example of a(n) - ANSWER affricate
why is it difficult to identify formants in a nasal consonant? - ANSWER because it's sofaint, they blur together
which is more intense, nasals or laterals? - ANSWER laterals (break b/w vowels & laterals is less clear) _____________ can be indicated by a silent interval followed by a burst - ANSWER stops more about stops - ANSWER -no sound coming out of mouth -oral pressure builds-oral pressure quickly releases
voiced stops have a ____________ - ANSWER voice bar for voiced stops, VF vibration causes vibration in ________________ - ANSWER cheeks &neck
true or false, stop bursts have frequency through most of the frequency range? -ANSWER true
true or false, every stop will show both a silent interval & clear burst? - ANSWER false (b/c ambiguity in normal speakers, and sometimes bursts may be missing entirely) how to know is speakers are pausing or actually producing a stop: - ANSWER silentinterval for stop < 120 ms pause > 150 ms (but typically > 200 ms to be sure) how to find fricatives on a spectrum - ANSWER aperiodic intervals
-aperiodic energy -vary in duration (time) -vary in intensity**generally long durations + increased intensity
duration of a vowel - ANSWER 1st glottal pulse to last full glottal pulse duration of a stop - ANSWER last full glottal pulse of preceding vowel to 1st glottal pulseof the following vowel (end of aperiodic noise to beginning of glottal pulse on next vowel) rules for stops - ANSWER -when following a fricative (like /st/), the stop BEGINS @ theEND OF APERIODIC EVENT for the fricative -when stops follow each other (ex. dog bellowed), have to look @end of burst of the 1stone
fricatives - ANSWER last glottal pulse of the preceding vowel to 1st full glottal pulse ofthe following vowel
rules for fricatives - ANSWER when fricatives follow each other (ex. the dogs fell), haveto look @changing spectrum (frequency content)
1st fundamental frequency (F0) always has a ____________________ - ANSWER whitehorizontal gap
other names for stop gap - ANSWER closure or silent interval challenges of segmenting a spectrum: - ANSWER -where do words/phrases end?-vowel before/after nasal, diphthongs, glides, etc.
- pharyngeal transport
- esophageal transport
- Oral Preparatory - ANSWER -beginning of swallow (food placed in mouth) Liquids - ANSWER -lip closure -back of tongue contacts velum to form posterior "wall" -VP port remains open for breathing but many people start holding their breath Solids - ANSWER -rotary & lateral tongue movement -rotary jaw movement (chewing)-food mixes w/ saliva -variable duration (3-25 seconds or so)
- Oral Transport - ANSWER -food in a bolus -bolus is propelled backward by tongue ends w/bolus passing anterior faucial pillars, triggering swallowingbegins w/tongue tip elevating & squeezing bolus against the palate (approximately 1 second in duration)
- Pharyngeal Transport - ANSWER VERY CRITICAL PHASE -begins w/ triggering of swallow tongue root moves backpharyngeal constriction from superior to inferior direction -ends w/bolus @ cricopharyngeal junction, muscle relaxes, to let food enter(about 0.5 seconds) *process is automatic
pharyngeal transport phase (continued) - ANSWER - VP closure
- larynx moves up & forward- laryngeal closure (true VF's, false VF's, aryepiglottic folds) -epiglottis inverts
- Esophageal Transport - ANSWER -begins w/bolus entering esophagus -esophagus propels food down (peristalsis) into stomach-ends w/bolus entering stomach (about 8-20 seconds) does swallowing happen during inspiration or expiration? - ANSWER Expiration (expiration begins -> interrupted by swallow -> expiration continues) *but some people do inspire after swallowing swallowing variables - ANSWER consistency & volume consistency - ANSWER on a continuum from thicker to thinner volume - ANSWER larger, faster movements w/ larger volumes swallowing instrumentation - ANSWER -videofluoroscopy (MBS) -endoscopy (FEES) Videofluoroscopy - ANSWER - x-ray imaging during swallowing of various foodconsistencies mixed w/ barium sulfate
- "modified barium swallow study" (MBS)
Swallowing Disorders - ANSWER - dysphagia
- penetration
- aspiration Impacts of Dysphagia - ANSWER - affects nutrition and/or hydration- aspiration can lead to pneumonia, chronic lung disease
- can be uncomfortable or painful, lessens enjoyment of eating or drinking Impact on Quality of Life - **ANSWER • Everyday routines (grocery shopping, cooking)
- Social activities (getting coffee with a friend, celebrating social occasions)
- Emotional well being (embarrassment, social isolation)** Disorders Associated with Swallowing Disorders - **ANSWER • Stroke
- TBI (traumatic brain injury) • Cerebral palsy
- Head and neck cancer
- GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) • And others**
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing Penetration - ANSWER Material enters the larynx but not past the true vocal folds Aspiration - ANSWER Material (aside from air) penetrating all three valves of the larynx Aspiration can occur: - ANSWER • Before the swallow
- During the swallow
**- After the swallow
- It can also be silent (no observable sign that aspiration has occurred)** Assessment - ANSWER 1. Bedside Examination
- Food Trials3. Instrumental Measures
questions to ask - ANSWER - Can the patient swallow safely?- Does the patient need further assessment, a referral, or an instrumental study?
Bedside Exam Goal - ANSWER Goal is to identify if there is/are: • Oral motor difficulties in the face, tongue, lips, jaw, palate, pharynx, larynx
- A significant risk of pharyngeal stage swallowing impairment Bedside Exam - **ANSWER • General alertness
- Patient complaints** avoid? -when did it start? What makes it worse? Are there certain foods you **- History of pneumonia
- Vocal quality • Oral mechanism exam**
Food Trials - • Assessi ng timing of the various stages ANSWER • Solids and liquids of varying textures
**- May be prolonged
- Listen for signs & symptoms of dysphagia during oral & pharyngeal phases** Difficulties During Oral Phases (Prep and Transport) - between the cheeks/gums ANSWER • Pocketing of food
**- Head turned to damaged side
- Lying down to reduce gravity if pharyngeal residue
- Effortful Swallow • Supraglottic Swallow: (hold breath, swallow, cough)
- Mendelsohn Maneuver** several seconds -swallow, raise larynx, grab onto larynx with strap muscles for
The Fourier transform gives which type of information about sound? - ANSWERfrequency & amplitude information
If an oscillation has a frequency of 100 Hz, how long is its period? - ANSWER 0.01 sec If a speaker diaphragm vibration has a period of 8 ms, the first harmonic would be: -ANSWER 125 HZ
Your client is producing a fundamental frequency of 205 Hz. The 8th harmonic would be:- ANSWER 1640 HZ
A low front vowel will have a ______ F1 and a _____ F2 - ANSWER high; high A low back vowel will have a ________ F1 and a __________ F2 - ANSWER high; low The sound source for vowels is the vibration of the _____________ - ANSWER vocal folds formants represent: - ANSWER the resonant frequencies of the oral cavity F1 represents: - ANSWER Vowel height (low, high) F2 represents: - ANSWER Vowel front/backness
Affricates can be described as _____________ because of the extended frication portionof a stop - ANSWER slowly released stops
Which of the following appears white (little turbulence) on a spectrogram? - ANSWERstop gap
Pharyngeal Phase Difficulties - ANSWER - labored, effortful or weak swallowing- gurgling voice or wet cough
- complaints of food "sticking" in the throat
- coughing during eating or drinking- coughing after swallow
- coughing up food residue in order to count as aspiration, a substance must pass the ________________ - ANSWER -epiglottis
- aryepiglottic folds- false vocal folds
- true vocal folds which type of visualization technique may use food dye? - ANSWER Endoscope (FEES) which phase only takes 1 second on average? - ANSWER oral transport in what phase does the velopharyngeal port close? - ANSWER Pharyngeal Transport when does the back of the tongue raise up to separate the oral & pharyngeal cavity? -ANSWER oral preparatory
