Download SLHS 321 Exam 3: Speech Production and Articulation - Questions and Answers and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
SLHS 321 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (A+)
Define resonance - ANSWER the reinforcement, amplification, or prolongation of sound by reflection from a surface or by the synchronous vibration of a neighboring object.
Role of Resonance in "source-filter" theory - ANSWER Filtering of a sound is accomplished by changing the shape of the vocal tract
shape is filtered by RESONANT properties of the vocal tract
Identify the functional component(s) of speech within the VP system - ANSWER VELOPHARYNX
Name the Cavities of the Vocal Tract - ANSWER Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharyngeal Cavity
Nasal cavity - ANSWER -Divided by nasal septum -covered with mucous membrane -cilia -warms, moistens, and cleans air before it enters the lung
Oral Cavity - ANSWER -most important for speech production (in vocal tract) -shape can be altered by tongue movement and movement of mandible -point of exit for all phonemes except nasal sounds
-lips play large role in speech production
Pharyngeal Cavity - ANSWER -extends from the nasal cavity to the vocal folds -lined with muscle that constricts the size of the tube to aid in swallowing -also contributes to the closure of the velopharyngeal port.
Name the 3 divisions of the pharynx - ANSWER 1. Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Describe the shape and relative position of the VELOPHARYNX - ANSWER -4 sided muscular tube -suspended bilaterally from bony components of the skull base
Name the 3 major categories of muscles controlling the Velum - ANSWER Elevators Depressors Tensors
Elevators - ANSWER -levator veli palatini -musculus uvulae
Depressors - ANSWER palatoglossus palatopharyngeus
Tensor - ANSWER tensor veli palatini
Name the pharyngeal muscle(s) that contributes to velar closing - ANSWER the VELUM and the NASOPHARYNX
- Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance
Describe VP functioning for running speech - ANSWER Fast adjustments needed Opening and closing depends on: -speech sounds in sequence -speaking rate
Preparing for ORAL consonants: smaller VP opening for processing vowels
Preparing for NASAL: larger VP opening for preceding vowel
Describe the role of GRAVITY in VP functioning - ANSWER -Gravity helps pull velum toward nasopharynx when laying down. -can also happen when changing head position -Less activation of elevator veil palantini, minimal change is shape and size of velum
Describe how VP functioning develops in early childhood and changes to it due to aging
- ANSWER -when we are born, we do not close off VP port during crying and during non-crying -air tight VP closure by age 3 -speech is more nasal in older adults -aeromechanical studies show no difference in airflow
Describe sex differences in VP anatomy and functioning - ANSWER ANATOMICAL: men have "hook-like" velum women have :squared off" velum
PHYSIOLOGIC: MEN raise their velum higher and makes contact with pharynx @ higher point. Uvula
angles farther away. Women; more contact between velum and pharynx
Describe how aerodynamic instruments can determine if theres VP dysfunction - ANSWER If we have airflow+ pressure, we can estimate VP opening
-these instruments determine: pattern of movement, adequacy of the closure during speech/swallow
-interoral air pressure -subglottal air pressure -nasal air pressure -oral air flow -nasal airflow
Describe by NASALANCE and how it is calculated - ANSWER nasalance= acoustic analysis -measured by a nasometer -can provide graphic representation of the acoustic energy
A nasal
Anasal+Aoral
Where does articulation occur? - ANSWER -Occurs within the vocal tract (oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharyngeal cavity)
Articulation - ANSWER transforming sound into recognizable speech that happens when we move parts:
-Digastric -Mylohoid -Geniohyoid -Lateral(external)Pterygoid
Name the 3 parts of the tooth - ANSWER CROWN NECK ROOT
Identify the number of of teeth adults and children have - ANSWER ADULTS: 16 upper, 16 lower KIDS: 10 upper, 10 lower
3 types of OCCLUSION - ANSWER Neutroclusion(normal, overlaps a little in front) Distraclusion(overbite) Mesioclusion(underbite)
Muscle that makes up bulk of LIPS - ANSWER OBICULARIS ORIS -major function is to lip seal -no definite origin or insertion -muscle encircling your mouth -has extrinsic and intrinsic fibers
Describe the structure of the tongue and the parts of the tongue and the parts of the tongue - ANSWER STRUCTURE -muscular hydrostat -no bones or cartilage -supports via it's own muscles
-the various parts can work semi-independently
PARTS OF THE TONGUE -tip(apex) most flexible part -blade(under alveolar ridge) -front -back
OCCLUSION - ANSWER is the relationship between upper and lower, and between individual teeth
INTRINSIC muscles of the tongue - ANSWER -SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL: elevates tip -INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL: pulls tip down and retracts the tongue -TRANSVERSE: narrows tongue -VERTICAL: pulls tongue down
EXTRINSIC muscles of the tongue - ANSWER GENIOGLOSSUS: -moves the tongue forward -helps to push the tip against the teeth and alveolar ridge -the largest and strongest
PALATOGLOSSUS: -elevates back of tongue (/k) sound
STYLOGLOSSUS: -elevates and retracts
HYGLOSSUS:
Greatly affected by changes in tract cross sectional area Most affected by changes in oropharynx, oral cavity, and oral vestibule Vowels have lower resistance than consonants
Pharyngeal-Oral Acoustic Impedance - ANSWER Resistance to acoustic energy Also most influenced by cross-sectional changes
describe any sex difference in the oral-pharyngeal system - ANSWER -men have larger vocal tracts -means they are able to generate more muscular force -men tend to have faster speaking rates, movement speeds
Describe how aging affects oral-pharyngeal mechanism - ANSWER -rapid growth of facial skeleton -rapid growth of mandible -dentition -more of a right angle between pharynx & oral cavity with age -change in shape & size of lips
Describe the anatomical changes of the oral-pharyngeal mechanism from infancy to adulthood - ANSWER -thinning of the pharyngeal walls -decrease in mobility of tongue & lips -slower speaking rate -reduced speech motor control -change in shape & size of lips
Describe 2 methods to measure kinematics of the oral-articulary system - ANSWER 1)Optical Motion Capture -various systems(motion analysis,vicon)
-reflective markers placed on face -infared light is sent out by cameras &reflected back -cameras send info to computer which generates real-time 3D model of stickers on the face -can only do lip & jaw movement
2)Electromagnetic Articulography -sensors can be placed on tongue,jaw, lips -movement within the cube can be detected by the magnetic fields generated by EMA -more appropriate for adults than children -lengthy set-up time (gluing sensors tongue)
Describe VP impairment & potential causes of impairment. - ANSWER Inadequate VP closure will result in: -Obligatory Errors --reduced ability to build adequate oral pressure needed to produce obstruents(stops,fricative) -Hypernasality --high vowels generally need better closure than low vowels so some vowels may be more affected -Nasal Emission -Reduced Loudness --Maladaptive compensatory articulatory & phonatory behaviors
Distinguish between VP insufficiency & VP incompetence - ANSWER 1)VP Insufficiency (anatomical) -cleft palate -congenital palatal insufficiency @ birth -traumatic structural damage
-due to palatine bones fusing at midline & with premarillio -can be as minimal as a cleft uvula (incomplete cleft palate) -can extend to velum & to hard palate (complete cleft palate) -can be overt or submucous
Both are: -congenital -overt or covert -unilateral or bilateral -complete or incomplete -approx. 1 in 750 live births
Describe submucous cleft palate - ANSWER Usually associated with: -bifid uvula -midline divison(diastasis) of musculature of the velum -notch into hard palate
Identify potential causes of hyper nasal resonance - ANSWER Due to nasal airway obstructions -large pharyngeal flap -enlarged adenoids -chronic inflammation of the nose -small nasal airway -nasal polyps, deviated septum
Distinguish between articulation and phonological disorders - ANSWER -we need to screen to make sure there is no weakness or structural differences
1)Phonological Processes -Fronting("what color is the Tar" vs. "Car") -Backing("Kom Kolk Kim" vs Tom Told Tim) -Final Constant Deletion("Gi-hi-the-boo" vs."give him the book") -Stopping of Fricatives("Dey taw pipe biolet" vs. "They saw five violets")
-Cause is unknown
-Possible Correlates --hearing loss --diminished speech sound perception --atypical tooth development --impaired oral-motor skill --neuromotor deficits --family history
Describe dysarthria, including potential causes & how it might affect the speech mechanism - ANSWER -weakness of facial muscles due to stroke & other neurological injuries result in various types of dysarthias( weakness in lips, tongue, soft palate) -reduced intelligibility -typically secondary to other disorders(stroke, parkinsons, huntingtons, ALS, cerebral palsy, brain injury) -there are different types of dysarthria -different types of dysarthria -can affect all subsystems --Respiratory: reduced breath groups and loudness --Laryngeal:voice quality changes, altered pitch, reduced pitch range, and reduced loudness & range --VP: obligatory erros
