Download SLHS 321 Exam 2: Anatomy and Function of the Phonatory System and more Exams Speech-Language Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!
SLHS 321 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (A+)
Biological Function of Phonatory System - ANSWER Protection mechanism, thoracicfixation (bowel/bladder evacuation, child birth, emesis, lifting)
Speech Function of Phonatory System - ANSWER Resistor to airflow (generating sound) Larynx - ANSWER Houses vocal folds, involved in breathing, sound production andprotection.
Source Filter Theory - ANSWER Explains how the sound produced at the larynx ismodified by changing vocal tract resonances to create different vowels.
Source - ANSWER Vocal folds Filter - ANSWER Movement of larynx Larynx of Children - ANSWER More anterior and superior, around the 3rd vertebrae,velopharynx and larynx are very close, epiglottis contacts the velopharynx, thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone very close Larynx of Adults - ANSWER Anterior to 3rd vertebrae through the 6th and 7th cervicalvertebrae, becomes more rigid with age
Hyoid Bone - ANSWER Only bone in larynx, U-shaped, body & greater (lateral) andlesser (medial) horns, attachment points for many extrinsic muscles, support for tongue, larynx is suspended from it, located at C3 vertebrae
Thyroid Cartilage - ANSWER Only 1, largest cartilage in the larynx, formed from 2 mainplates which are fused in front to form "adams apple", has two sets of "horns" (superior and inferior), contacts cricoid with inferior horns Cricoid Cartilage - ANSWER Only 1, Forms the most inferior portion of the larynx and isthe only completely circular cartilaginous Ring of the upper airway, narrow in front thicker in back, located on top of trachea, anterior arch (inferior horns of thyroidcontact lateral sides of it)
Arytenoid Cartilage - ANSWER Paired cartilage, sit atop cricoid lamina, look likepyramids, has vocal process (pointed projection at the anterior base)
Corniculate Cartilage - ANSWER Paired cartilage, are the apexes of the arytenoidcartilages, vestigial in humans, large in lower animals
Cuneiform Cartilage - ANSWER A pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilagesanterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis, buried in ligaments & tissue of aryepiglottic folds Epiglottis - ANSWER Only 1, leaf-like structure, acts as bridge to prevent food fromgetting in airway, possibly vestigial in humans, upside down U-shape
Cricoarytenoid Joint - ANSWER Permits gliding and rocking actions, during abduction -upward & outward swing of vocal process, during adduction - downward & inward swing of vocal process Cricothyroid Joint - ANSWER Primarily rotational movement, somewhat gliding, cricoidcartilage does most of rotating, tensor intrinsic; Pars Recta pulls thyroid down towards cricoid (stretching VFs), Pars Oblique slides the thyroid backwards/forwards tensingVocal Folds
Aryepiglottic Folds - ANSWER Contract and pull epiglottis to close larynx during
Adduction of Vocal Folds - ANSWER Vocal Folds are pulled together (closed), creatingphonation
Abduction of Vocal Folds - ANSWER Vocal folds are opened, ending phonation Extrinsic Muscles - ANSWER Muscles connecting the larynx to structures outside of theylarynx. Also, supports and controls position of larynx; elevates or depresses it.
Infra-hyoids - ANSWER Depressors, includes sternohyoids, sternothyroids & omohyoid. Supra-hyoids - ANSWER Elevators, important during swallowing, includes stylohyoids,myiohyoids, digastrics, geniohyoids, thryohyoids.
Intrinstic Muscles - ANSWER Muscles that connect the various parts of the larynxtogether, move laryngeal cartilages relative to one another.
Posterior Cricoarytenoids - ANSWER Muscle of abduction, works in opposition toLateral Criocoarytenoid, pulls arytenoids out and away from each other, RLN
Lateral Cricoarytenoids - ANSWER Muscle of adduction, rotates arytenoids mediallycreating medial compression, RLN
Transverse Interarytenoids - ANSWER Muscle of adduction, pulls arytenoids togetherfor tight occlusion of VFs, RLN
Oblique Interarytenoids - ANSWER Muscle of adduction, pulls apexes, of arytenoidstogether medially & rocks them downward and inward, criss-cross muscle, RLN
Thyroarytenoids - ANSWER Intrinsic tension (relaxer), cross-sectional mass of vocalfolds, RLN
Cricoarytenoids - ANSWER Pitch control, muscles which rotate the arytenoid cartilageson the cricoid cartilage, SLN
Thyroepiglottic Ligament - ANSWER connects the stem of the epiglottis with the angle ofthe thyroid cartilage
Vestibular Ligament - ANSWER forms vestibular fold - makes False Vocal Fold Laryngeal Valves in Order - ANSWER Inferior --> superior
- True Vocal Folds2. Ventricular (False) Vocal Folds
- Aryepiglottic Folds Tensor - ANSWER Includes Cricothyroid & Thyrovocalis Relaxer - ANSWER Includes Thyromuscularis & superior thyroarytenoid Thyromuscularis - ANSWER Relaxer, pulls arytenoids towards thyroid to reduce spacebetween
Superior Thyroarytenoid - ANSWER Relaxer, pushes thyroid back and arytenoidsforward
Vagus Nerve - ANSWER Cranial Nerve X in medulla, innervates intrinsic muscles oflarynx
Major Mechanics of Vibration - ANSWER Medial compression, stiffness, elasticity, inertia
Laryngeal Opposition Pressure - ANSWER Pressure generated by larynx to oppose subglottal pressure, a mix of passive and active forces (medial compression, surface tension of VF contact, gravity) Laryngeal Airway Resistance - ANSWER Dependent on airflow, its a property of theairway itself. Both true and false vocal folds contribute, low resistance = VFs abducted, high/infinite = VFs adducted Glottal Size/Configuration - ANSWER Determined mainly by the ABduct-ADduct status ofVFs. All dimensions of the glottis are important (length, diameter, horizontal/vertical shape, depth) Effective Mass of Vocal Folds - ANSWER In various glottal shapes, the effective mass isthe part of the VFs that is adducted. When fully adducted all TVFs are vibrating
Transient Noise - ANSWER Glottal stop, glottis is close (TVFs adducted) sub glottalpressure is built up until a small noise burst is produced
Sustained Noise - ANSWER Glottal fricatives- TVFs close but not touching Whispers - Y shaped, arytenoids are apart but anterior portions are close together Sustained Phonation - ANSWER Voicing, airflow is being "chopped up" by vibrations ofTVFs. TVFs held in configurations to allow continuous vibration with constant pressure/airflow Vocal Attack - ANSWER movement of vocal folds into the airstream for the purpose ofinitiating phonation
Usual Vocal Attack - ANSWER Laryngeal and respiratory systems begin at same time Hard Vocal Attack - ANSWER Laryngeal system begins before respiratory, this is a signof a voice disorder
Soft Vocal Attack - ANSWER Respiratory system begins before laryngeal, produced tohelp those with voice disorders
Glottal Fry/ Pulse - ANSWER Low frequency, creaky popping sound, 30-80Hz, normal atthe end of sentence
Modal - ANSWER Habitual speaking voice, frequency most common in speech, (men 125Hz, women 250 Hz)
Falsetto/Loft - ANSWER Laryngeal whistle, very high frequency, 300-600 Hz, VFs haveminimal contact, firm nonvibrator & often can bow
Laryngeal Change in Children - ANSWER Higher but descends rapidly with age, thyroid& hyoid are very close, hyoid ossifies at 2 yrs, TVF double in length with age, 2nd growth spurt during puberty (more so in males) Laryngeal Change in Adults - ANSWER Larynx will triple in size, becomes more rigid withage, ossifies around 20-30yrs, calcification, muscle atrophy and loss of elasticity, Female FO= lowers Male FO= increases Nasendoscopy - ANSWER Camera down nose to larynx Stroboscopy - ANSWER "Strobe light effect", see movement of VFs but not all vibrations Kymograph - ANSWER High-speed digital imaging, 1,000-2,000 images per second Spectogram - ANSWER X-Axis = timeY-Axis = frequency *Sometimes Z-Axis = intensity
Functional Disorder - ANSWER Misuse/abuse, psychogenic; VF nodules, cysts, polyps,laryngitis, contact ulcers
Organic Disorder - ANSWER Anatomical, physiological, structural changes due tonervous system damage, diseases and trauma; Parkinson's, Huntington's, VF Paralysis, Keratosis, Granulomas, Papilloma Characteristic of Misuse/Abuse - ANSWER Singing above and beyond your voice'sfrequency range ability talking loudly for a prolonged period of time continued talking after onset of laryngitis/during periods of inflammation.Excessive coughing/throat clearing (ineffective) Increased tension and strain (if always elevating) Squeezing of Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles Vertical Phase Difference - ANSWER The slight time lag between the opening andclosing of the inferior and superior portions of the vocal folds, creates wave like motion. Vocal folds open from bottom then moves to top How many layers of vocal folds? - ANSWER 5 layers The Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of vocal fold vibration uses the Bernoulli Effect tohelp explain - ANSWER How the vocal folds come back together after being blown apart
Vestigial cartilages of the larynx - ANSWER epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform As people become older, adult males will _________ their fundamental frequency whileadult females will ________ their fundamental frequency. - ANSWER increase; decrease
RLN - ANSWER Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
SLN - ANSWER Superior Laryngeal Nerve Mechanical Vibration - ANSWER The approximation of the vocal folds at the midline What subglottal pressure is indicative of a normal speaker? - ANSWER 3-5 cm H2O Glottal Cycle - ANSWER Single vibration of the Vocal Folds
