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An in-depth analysis of various skin disorders, their characteristics, causes, and types. It covers topics such as skin lesions, inflammatory disorders, hives, eczema, psoriasis, skin infections, viral infections, warts, fungal infections, pediculosis, scabies, and skin tumors. The document also discusses warning signs of skin cancer and the importance of early detection.
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Systemic disorders, e.g. liver disease Systemic infections, e.g. chickenpox rash Allergies to ingested food or drugs Localized factors
An open comedone has a dilated orifice (blackhead) and a closed comedone has a narrow opening (whitehead)
Location of lesion Length of time the lesion has been present Any changes occurring over time Physical appearance including: Color Elevation Texture Type of exudate Presence of pain or itching Itching (pruritus) is associated with allergic responses, chemical irritation due to insect bites or infestations such as scabies (a mite)
Urticaria (Hives) Results from type I hypersensitivity (IgE mediated release of histamine) reaction caused by ingested substances: Shellfish Certain fruits like strawberries Drugs like penicillin or aspirin Systemic diseases like intestinal parasites Physical agents like heat or cold The release of histamine causes the eruption of hard, itchy, raised red wheals on the skin, often scattered all over the body Occasionally, hives develop in the pharyngeal mucosa and may obstruct the airway causing difficulty in breathing
Hives
Atopic dermatitis (Eczema) A common problem in infancy and may persist in adulthood in some persons In infants the itchy lesions are typically moist, red, vesicular and covered with crusts In adults the affected skin is dry and scaling with lichenification; itching is common Atopic refers to an inherited tendency toward allergic conditions Typically, the family history includes individuals with eczema, allergic rhinitis or hay fever and asthma A type I hypersensitivity (increased IgE levels)
Common type of skin infection May be primary (due to resident flora) May be secondary (developing in wounds or pruritic lesions) Some are superficial; others form deeper abscesses
Cellulitis is an infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually secondary to an injury, furuncle (boil) or ulcer Causative agent usually Staphylococcus aureus or occasionally beta-hemolytic streptococcus Frequently occurs in the lower trunk or legs and the area becomes red, swollen and painful.
Squeezing boils can result in the spread of infection by autoinoculation to other areas of the skin and to cellulitis
Compression of furuncles in the nasal area may lead to thrombi or infection that spreads to the brain if the infected material reaches the cavernous sinus in the facial bones
Carbuncles are a collection of furuncles that coalesce to form a large infected mass
Common infection in infants and children S. aureus may cause highly contagious infections in neonates In older children, infection results primarily fromS. aureus but may be caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci Easily spread by infected hands, eating utensils and towels
Recurrance may be triggered by infection such as the common cold, sun exposure or stress. Spontaneous healing usually occurs in 2- weeks The virus is spread by direct contact with the fluid from the lesion Viral particles may be present in saliva for several weeks following “healing” and can be spread to others A potential complication is spread of the virus to the eyes, causing keratitis
Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in adults
It is seen after a primary infection of varicella or chicken pox, which usually occurs in childhood
Shingles usually affects one cranial nerve or one dermatome on one side of the body Pain, paresthesia and a vesicular rash develop unilaterally along a line. Lesions persist for several weeks and then clear
Frequently develop in children and young adults; are annoying but relatively harmless Occur on soles of feet Tend to persist even with treatment
Scabies is a common infestation with a small mite that lives in the upper surface of the skin. Mites passed from person to person Rash varies but typically itches Often patches of eczema and small pustules around wrists and in the finger webs In children under 18 months, pustules sometimes seen on the soles of the feet
Skin lesions due to sun exposure have been on the increase for some time Estimated that 1 in 7 people will develop skin cancer In recent years there has been an increased emphasis on more sun exposure Incidence higher in those who have experienced severe sunburns, those who spend a lot of time in the sun and light skinned people with little melanin
Keratoses are benign lesions that are associated with aging or skin damage Seborrheic keratoses result from proliferation of basal cells, leading to an oval elevation that may be smooth or rough and is often dark in color; usually found on face or trunk Actinic keratoses occur on skin exposed to UV radiation and commonly arise in fair skinned people; usually pigmented and scaly; may develop into squamous cell carcinoma
Most commonly seen in immunosuppressed patients such as those with HIV and AIDS
Often itchy and painful
