Sadat Academy for Management Science
Faculty of Management Science
Intro to Info Tech
Comp Info Sys.
Represented to
Prof. Raghda Naser
Proposed by
Zeyad Yasser Ahmed
4A
2021-2022
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Understanding Information Systems: A Comprehensive Guide, Summaries of Pest Management
An in-depth exploration of information systems, their components, and various types. It covers topics such as information systems as sociotechnical systems, computer information systems, data, procedures, and the role of people. The document also discusses different types of information systems, including executive information systems, decision support systems, management information systems, office support systems, and transaction processing systems.
Typology: Summaries
2020/2021
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Sadat Academy for Management Science Faculty of Management Science
Intro to Info Tech
Comp Info Sys.
Represented to Prof. Raghda Naser Proposed by Zeyad Yasser Ahmed 4A 2021 - 2022
Table of Contents Information system ............................................................................................................... 3 Types of information system .................................................................................................. 6 Information system development........................................................................................... 8 List of figures Figure 1: information system .......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: information system development ................................................................................... 8 List of tables Table 1: kinds of information .......................................................................................................... 6 Table 2: Types of information system............................................................................................. 9
software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks. In many organizations, the department or unit responsible for information systems and data processing is known as "Information Services". Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes. Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer system, and business process. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end-use of information technology Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes. Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information. As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems. on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action. Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics. The six components that must come together in order to produce an information system are:
- Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery and equipment. In a modern information system, this category includes the computer itself and all of its support equipment. The support equipment includes input and output devices, storage
devices and communications devices. In pre-computer information systems, the hardware might include ledger books and ink.
- Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk or tape. The "software" for pre-computer information systems included how the hardware was prepared for use (e.g., column headings in the ledger book) and instructions for using them (the guidebook for a card catalog).
- Data: Data are facts that are used by systems to produce useful information. In modern information systems, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. In pre-computer information systems, the data are generally stored in human-readable form.
- Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of an information system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system.
- People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most overlooked element of the system is the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems. This includes "not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support the network of computers."
- Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS may be provided with feedback (Although this component isn't necessary to function). Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the data we collect is only data until we involve people. At that point, data is now information.
- Procedures- are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output. The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These actions are known as information technology services. Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely, business intelligence systems and dashboards. As the name suggests, each FAIS supports a particular function within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production-operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate. Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS, transaction processing system, enterprise resource planning, office automation system, management information system, decision support system, expert system, executive dashboard, supply chain management system, and electronic commerce system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.
Information system development
Figure 2 : information system development Figure 2 : information system development Information technology departments in larger organizations tend to strongly influence the development, use, and application of information technology in the business. A series of methodologies and processes can be used to develop and use an information system. Many developers use a systems engineering approach such as the system development life cycle (SDLC), to systematically develop an information system in stages. The stages of the system development lifecycle are planning, system analysis, and requirements, system design, development, integration and testing, implementation and operations, and maintenance. Recent research aims at enabling and measuring the ongoing, collective development of such systems within an organization by the entirety of human actors themselves. An information system can be developed in house (within the organization) or outsourced. This can be accomplished by outsourcing certain components or the entire system. A specific case is the geographical distribution of the development team.