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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Sexual Health: A Comprehensive Overview, Lecture notes of Social Sciences

University of California - Santa BarbaraSocial Sciences

A comprehensive overview of sexually transmitted infections (stis), covering various aspects of their transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. It delves into specific stis like chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis b, gonorrhea, and hiv/aids, offering insights into their prevalence, risk factors, and potential complications. The document also explores the importance of safe sex practices, including condom use and regular sti testing, and discusses the role of alcohol in increasing sti risk. Additionally, it touches upon the topic of contraception and abortion, providing information on various methods and their effectiveness. The document concludes with a discussion on intimacy and relationships, emphasizing the importance of honesty, communication, and shared values in building healthy and fulfilling connections.

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 03/03/2025

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Soc 152A
Lecture 1
Vulva- refers to all the female genitalia
Mons - fatty tissue that connect to the nerves that go to the brain
Labia majora - the hairy lips that are on the outside
Labia minora- the minor lips that are hairless
Clitoral hood - fits right above the clitoris
Clitoris - one of the most sensitive parts of the body used for sexual arousal
Hymen - the tissue that can be torn
Lecture 2
Pelvic floor muscles - the muscle that improves orgasms
Grafenberg spot - stimulating an area under the vaginal wall
Fluids can come from both the G spot and the bladder
Cervix- the part that expands for giving birth
Uterus- can be tipped in various positions
Endometrium- the development of a menstrual wall where the period
comes out if someone is not pregnant
Myometrium- the muscular wall of the uterus
The perimetrium- there to make sure the uterus does not explode
Oviducts- falopian tubes that extend from the uterus out to the body,
coming close to the ovaries
Cilia- finger like wall structure that push the egg along the fallopian tubes
Fimbria- the opening that pushes the egg to the hole
Two ovaries-
Follicles- the four stages of development in each menstrual cycle
Ovum- the egg that gets ovulated
Breasts, nipples, areola- the fat in the chest area along with milk glands
Glans penis- the most sensitive part of the penis
Lecture 3
Foreskin(prepuce) - the skin on the outside of the penis
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Soc 152A

Lecture 1

Vulva- refers to all the female genitalia Mons - fatty tissue that connect to the nerves that go to the brain Labia majora - the hairy lips that are on the outside Labia minora- the minor lips that are hairless Clitoral hood - fits right above the clitoris Clitoris - one of the most sensitive parts of the body used for sexual arousal Hymen - the tissue that can be torn

Lecture 2

Pelvic floor muscles - the muscle that improves orgasms Grafenberg spot - stimulating an area under the vaginal wall Fluids can come from both the G spot and the bladder Cervix- the part that expands for giving birth Uterus- can be tipped in various positions Endometrium- the development of a menstrual wall where the period comes out if someone is not pregnant Myometrium- the muscular wall of the uterus The perimetrium- there to make sure the uterus does not explode Oviducts- falopian tubes that extend from the uterus out to the body, coming close to the ovaries Cilia- finger like wall structure that push the egg along the fallopian tubes Fimbria- the opening that pushes the egg to the hole Two ovaries- Follicles- the four stages of development in each menstrual cycle Ovum- the egg that gets ovulated Breasts, nipples, areola- the fat in the chest area along with milk glands Glans penis- the most sensitive part of the penis

Lecture 3

Foreskin(prepuce) - the skin on the outside of the penis

Smegma - cheesy like substance that collects under the foreskin Cavernous bodies(corpora cavernosa) - the top part of the tube Spongy body- the part that transports the fluid

Corona - the rim and the frenulum is the triangle part on the backside. Muscles affecting - attaches to pubic bone, gives feeling of pleasures Scrotum- muscular sack that can move depending on temperature Testicles- the two lobes within the scrotum Seminiferous tubules- the part where sperm develops Interstitial cells - produces testosterone in the testicles Sperm - the ejaculation Epididymis- where the sperm go to develop and mature Vas deferens - the tube that transports the sperm Ejaculatory ducts - located inside the prostate Prostate gland- cause problems for many men Seminal vesicle- contribute fluid to the ejaculate Bulbourethral glands- produces a basic alkaline fluid that neutralizes acid of urine before ejaculation, can contain sperm that causes pregnancy, can transmit STIs Semen- sperm that are coming in from testicles and fluid from other parts of the body Male breasts-

Lecture 6:

  • Most common sources of sex arousal is nude females
  • For girls it is romantic books or movies
  • Boys get more visual turn ons rather than females
  • Only 12 percent of women get excited from nude pictures, whereas 54 percent of men get excited from this
  • For young men, sex is all pleasure and no costs
  • A college study of a pub was shown, the girls saw a friendly blend
  • Males see more flirtation, seductiveness and sexiness

Lecture 8:

  • Genital warts can go away spontaneously 20%, controlled by MDs 60%, difficult to control 20% causing much grief
  • Treatments are chemicals, freezing, electrocautery or laser surgery
  • People may have persistent HPV and be contagious even if the warts are in remission and no sores are visible
  • Gardasil is best when given before sexually active
  • Pearly Penile Papules are not the same as genital warts(HPV)
  • Genital Herpes is the next case, affecting 572,000 people a year
  • Herpes 1 & 2: Herpes 1 is cold sores, 80% in mouth, 50% in genitals
  • Canker sores are different = ulceration of mouth
  • Herpes 2 are mostly in the mouth too

Lecture 9

  • Triggers for herpes outbreaks, sunburn, stress, certain foods
  • Median is 6 outbreaks in 1st year, 3 outbreaks in 5th year
  • Herpes can be transmitted when people have no symptoms
  • No cure for herpes at present
  • To avoid passing herpes to the baby at time of birth medical doctor may do a cesarean section
  • People fear they can do little for herpes have more frequent consequences
  • The next one is Hepatitis B can be spread via sex, but has a vaccine
  • Hepatitis A: is spread through feces if you do oral or anal sex or eat foods prepared by infected people with poor bathroom hygiene
  • 2 shots can protect you
  • Gonorrhea is the next one, often asymptomatic, half have symptoms
  • 80 percent of males have no symptoms and most women have symptoms
  • Gonorrhea is evolving resistance to many drugs and
  • Annual screening for Gon is recommended for sexually active males
  • Nonoxynol-9 can cause irritation
  • Biggest cause of STIs is alcohol
  • Dry sex reduces the risk of STIs which is hand and finger stimulation and body rubbing
  • Very sexually active People should be tested for HIV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphillis at least once a year
  • Doucheing increases risk of PID,AIDS and bv
  • AIDS, Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
  • 1.2 million people in USA are infected
  • Takes 10 years for HIV to cause AIDS
  • Over 50% of people age 13-24 with HIV dont know they HIV
  • 50 percent of all cases of STDS are caused by 5 percent of people
  • 4+ partners are at major risk of STD
  • Anal sex is especially riskys since rectal wall is very thing compared with vag wall
  • Gays are much more likely to use a condom in past 3 months
  • Oral sex can transmit HIV especially if there are sores in the mouth
  • Prep drug helps protect against HIV
  • 47 percent of males would lie about previous partners
  • About 20 percent of people have been sexually unfaithful
  • Oral sex can be a stepping stone to sex, some people see it as more intimate and wont do it until later or in love
  • There are STI risks from oral sex
  • Precautions can be getting tested and condoms/dental dams
  • Be sensitive to questions of taste and odor, if it in aversive, place mouth to the side
  • Dont say to your partner, “I wont kiss you after youve done THAT.”
  • Porn often gives twisted images of sex:
  • Has use of female slave labor
  • Porn does not help become wise and caring
  • Birth Control or Contraception
  • Each year, you have a 90 percent chance of pregnancy if you do not use BC
  • Abstinence has no risk of Stis or pregnancy
  • Most people thrive on love and intimacy
  • Third is progestin only pills require accurate timing, are good to see how your body likes progestin only
  • Side effects is that there is very irregular menstrual bleeding, less common ones are weight gain, dizziness, headaches, depression
  • Natural methods are fertility awareness or rhythm methods getting your sex life in sync with your body's reproductive rhythms.
  • Egg can live about 1 day in oviducts
  • Sperm can live about 3 days and sometimes 6 days

Non Methods:

  • First method that does not work is the douch
  • Second is wishful thinking
  • Assuming infertility

Future Methods:

  • No radically new methods expected soon

A study of teen sex and BC in advanced nations

  • In all 5 nations teen started sex at similar ages and similar percent of teens had sex
  • But Us teens are more likely to begin sex before 15
  • More likely to have 2 plus partners in last year
  • Less likely to use BC
  • Us also have higher STI rates
  • Abortion saw high rates, and is the 2nd most common surgical procedure in USA
  • Does abortion affect future pregnancies.
  • One suction abortion has no adverse effect on future pregnancies
  • 70 percent of women were satisfied with their decision

Abortion Methods:

  • RU-486 a first trimester metho is also called medical abortion which is using an antiprogesterone pill
  • More than 50 percent of US abortions are through RU
  • Next one is suction or vacuum aspiration a 1st trimester method
  • Third is Dilation and evacuation, the safest second trimester AB
  • Fourth is dilatation and Curettage, rarely used for abortion, mostly a diagnostic tool
  • Most common reasons for abortion is having a baby would dramatically change life, cant afford it or dont want to be single mom

Lecture 3/

  • Homosexuality runs in families
  • Twin studies suggest a genetic influence
  • Both bi and homosexuality have a partial genetic basis
  • No genetic correlation between bi and homosexuality
  • Male bisexuality linked genetically to risk-taking
  • Homosexuality is linked to a spectrum of gender atypical traits especially in childhood
  • Animal models of homosexuality can be generated by prenatal hormonal manipulation

Lecture 3/

  • Point #1: if you want intimacy, set it as a primary goal
  • “Do no harm”, no picky fights, no nasty blowups.
  • Give as much love and kindness as possible
  • Sex alone does not produce much intimacy
  • You have to invest much love and kindness to have a full, rewarding relationship
  • Point #2: avoid using fake masks and fake images
  • Fake masks and images may feel safer than honesty
  • The downsides are they prevent honest communication, mislead your partner, and make it hard for you to switch to honest communication later
  • Some people will walk away.
  • Point #3: be aware of the risks of infatuation
  • Falling in love can blind you to important info
  • Infatuation can lead to disappointment and very painful
  • 4 causes for infatuation: 1. Both people are polite, they put on their best behavior and hide unpleasant behavior
    1. They do special fun things rather than boring, hard things