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Self-Concept and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood, Lecture notes of Biology

Wayne State CollegeBiology

A comprehensive study guide for the topic of self-concept and emotional development in middle childhood, covering key concepts such as self-esteem, moral responsibility, emotional expression, coping strategies, and gender identity. The guide delves into the various factors that influence a child's self-perception, including parental influence, peer relationships, and academic performance. It also explores the emotional experiences and challenges faced by children during this developmental stage, such as guilt, pride, and coping with distress. The document offers insights into the complex interplay between cognitive, social, and emotional processes that shape a child's overall well-being and adjustment. By studying this document, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of self-concept and emotional development in middle childhood, which is crucial for supporting children's healthy growth and fostering their resilience.

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 02/12/2023

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Psy251- Study Guide S2021
Chapter 10
1. According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of
children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
2. Erikson’s sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but
realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with
agemates.
3. Which self-description is 10-year-old Darren the most likely to use?
A) “I like horses and I’m always good.”
B) “I’m smart in certain subjects like math and science.”
C) “I never say mean things.”
D) “I run fast and always win races.”
4. Beginning in middle childhood, children’s self-descriptions start to emphasize __________.
5. As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from
__________.
6. During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-
worth than does any other self-esteem factor.
7. School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________
child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
8. Tyler needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are
probably __________.
9. Aiden’s parents are indulgent. As a result, he probably __________.
A) has low self-esteem
B) has unrealistically high self-esteem
C) never exhibits aggressive behavior
D) evaluates her behavior against reasonable standards
10. Mr. and Mrs. Ramirez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which approach would
you suggest?
A) When he appears hesitant, make decisions for him, to model good decision-making strategies.
B) Continuously compliment his performance, even when it is less than satisfactory.
C) Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals, because his eventual achievement will foster self-
esteem.
D) Set high expectations and make it clear he is expected to work as hard as necessary to meet them.
11. Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions,
crediting their successes to __________.
12. Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
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Chapter 10

  1. According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
  2. Erikson’s sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.
  3. Which self-description is 10-year-old Darren the most likely to use? A) “I like horses and I’m always good.” B) “I’m smart in certain subjects like math and science.” C) “I never say mean things.” D) “I run fast and always win races.”
  4. Beginning in middle childhood, children’s self-descriptions start to emphasize __________.
  5. As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.
  6. During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self- worth than does any other self-esteem factor.
  7. School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
  8. Tyler needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are probably __________.
  9. Aiden’s parents are indulgent. As a result, he probably __________. A) has low self-esteem B) has unrealistically high self-esteem C) never exhibits aggressive behavior D) evaluates her behavior against reasonable standards
  10. Mr. and Mrs. Ramirez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which approach would you suggest? A) When he appears hesitant, make decisions for him, to model good decision-making strategies. B) Continuously compliment his performance, even when it is less than satisfactory. C) Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals, because his eventual achievement will foster self- esteem. D) Set high expectations and make it clear he is expected to work as hard as necessary to meet them.
  11. Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.
  12. Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
  1. __________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.
  2. Despite their higher achievement, __________ often attribute poor performance to lack of __________.
  3. Asians attend more to __________ than to __________. A) ability; effort B) luck; effort C) success; failure D) failure; success
  4. Nadia is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as __________.
  5. Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true? A) Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions. B) Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental. C) Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self- improvement. D) Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.
  6. Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________.
  7. Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that __________. A) people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotions C) positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions
  8. In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
  9. When Erica’s best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using __________.
  10. Poorly regulated children often experience __________. A) hostile, dismissive parental reactions to distress B) sensitive, helpful parental reactions to distress C) a strong sense of emotional self-efficacy D) a favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook
  11. Fernando’s parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably __________.
  12. Which child is probably considerably more independent and trustworthy?
  1. The best way to reduce bullying is to __________.
  2. From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with “masculine” personality traits, whereas girls’ identification with “feminine” personality traits __________.
  3. Research shows that school-age children of both sexes __________. A) rate “masculine” occupations as having higher status than “feminine” occupations B) are usually tolerant when boys engage in cross-gender acts C) often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it D) will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl
  4. Kenna feels comfortable being a girl, which consequently makes her happy. Which self-evaluation reflects Kenna’s gender identity? A) gender contentedness B) gender typicality C) felt pressure to conform to gender roles D) gender dysphoria
  5. Which statement about gender-atypical children in middle childhood is true? A) Although gender-atypical children sometimes feel rejected, they seldom experience serious adjustment difficulties. B) School-age children who experience rejection because of their gender-atypical traits suffer profoundly. C) Experts agree that the best way to help gender-atypical children is to make them more gender typical. D) Gender-typical and gender-atypical children show similar gains in self-esteem in third through seventh grade.
  6. Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style during the early years.
  7. Children of parents who (*do what? )__________ are more likely to listen to parents’ perspectives in situations where compliance is vital.
  8. Research demonstrates that in the United States, compared to children with siblings, only children __________. A) differ significantly in self-rated personality traits B) are lower in achievement motivation C) tend to be better accepted in the peer group D) are higher in self-esteem
  9. Compared to children with siblings, only children tend to __________. A) be spoiled, in accordance with popular belief B) be less well-accepted in the peer group C) have distant relationships with their parents D) attain lower levels of education
  10. Dillon is a noncustodial father. He only sees his children occasionally. Consequently, Dillon is likely

to __________ (*how will he interact with his children ?)

  1. Kendra and Simon are getting a divorce. They are worried about the long-term consequences this will have on their three children. You can tell them that the overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is __________.
  2. Where the custodial parent after a divorce is the mother, __________. A) about two-thirds of children experience at least weekly visits with the father B) outcomes for sons are always better than when the father is the custodial parent C) a good father child relationship protects girls against early sexual activity‒ D) children react with the same amount of defiance regardless of paternal contact
  3. Drake, a noncustodial father of four, is remarrying. Which of Drake’s children is the most likely to have difficulty getting along with his new wife? A) Shae, his 3-year-old daughter B) Harry, his 6-year-old son C) Max, his 9-year-old son D) Kate, his 12-year-old daughter
  4. In dual-earner households, maternal employment __________. A) frequently reduces the time school-age children spend with their fathers B) consistently predicts declines in children’s academic achievement C) increases children’s, and especially girls’, gender-stereotyped beliefs D) often leads fathers to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities
  5. Beginning in middle childhood, a common fear is __________.
  6. Which statement about child sexual abuse is true? A) Both boys and girls are equally likely to be sexually abused. B) Most sexual abuse cases are reported in adolescence. C) The abuser is often a parent or someone the parent knows well. D) Most offenders accept their own responsibility.
  7. Women who were sexually abused are likely to __________.
  8. Resilience __________. A) is a preexisting attribute rather than a capacity that develops over time B) is less common among children with a mastery-oriented approach to new situations C) enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity D) is absent in children who have stressful life experiences and psychological disturbances