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Science Of Teaching Reading STR (293)
Asset / Strength-Based Approach
an educational approach, which builds learning around a student's strengths and existing knowledge, rather than focusing on what they lack.
When using an asset-based approach, teachers need to get to know students well to identify each child's academic assets and build on those strengths.
Intrinsically Motivated
students draw their motivation from the learning process itself
Dysgraphia
language-based disorder, in which one struggles with the mechanics of writing resulting in impaired or illegible handwriting
Messy handwriting (due to issues such as poor formation of letters, improper size, spacing between letters or words, or slant of words) is the main sign of dysgraphia.
Orthography
Spelling patterns of language
Morphology
The study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech.
The word "bicycles" is made up of three individual morphemes. The prefix bi-, the stem cycle, and the suffix - s.
Independent Reading
reading done by students independent of the teacher. This reading can be either assigned or student selected. Typically silent.
Alphabetic Principle
The understanding that there is a logical/systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters and letter-patterns of written English.
mapping speech to print
Flexible Grouping
grouping students based on their learning needs or interests
After reviewing the student test results, a teacher can use flexible grouping to organize groups based on students' areas of weakness.
Learning Objectives
the specific skill or knowledge that the student is expected to master in a lesson
text is read from left to right and top to bottom
Relatedness
A student's connection to others
Reading Comprehension
the ability to read a text and understand its meaning
Jessie read the book and was able to explain to me why the character lied in Chapter 3.
Phonological Awareness
the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables, and sounds in spoken language apart from print
you can do this in the dark
Mentor Text
Books or other pieces of literature that are revisited throughout the school year for different purposes in literacy instruction
Due to its unique narrative and abundance of figurative language, Owl Moon by Jane Yolen is a popular mentor text to use in a language arts classroom.
Scaffolding
a method of teaching that involves gradually removing aids when teaching new concepts
When teaching how identify adjectives, a teacher starts with explicit teaching. Then, she leads the class in guided instruction, and repeats or rephrases the necessary information. Next, she prompts the students with questions like "what kind?" and "which one?" Eventually, students identify adjectives independently.
Reading Fluency
The ability to read with appropriate speed, accuracy, and prosody
Syllable Awareness / Syllabication / Syllable Segmentation
the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words
"Education" has four syllables "ed-u-ca-tion"
Syntax
Rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences. (sentence
structure)
Subject-verb Agreement or Pronoun-Antecedent agreement
a measure of how fast an object's position changes, calculated from distance/time
Reading Intervention
a strategy applied to assist a struggling reader
Reading Interventions can help children overcome reading difficulties and become proficient readers.
Accuracy (when reading)
the reader's ability to correctly pronounce words
Ongoing Assessment
an assessment that guides the pace and content of instruction
Ongoing assessments are used to determine student knowledge and dictate whether the class is prepared to move on to a new skill.
Background Knowledge
(schema or prior knowledge) information or experience that the student has prior to learning
When students can connect their background knowledge to the texts they read, it aids their comprehension.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A label applied to individuals who have great difficulty concentrating on what they are doing AND are extremely active, impulsive, distractible, and excitable
Genre
Various forms of texts including short stories, essays, folktales, fairy tales, poetry, historical fiction, biographies and autobiographies, memoirs, comedies and tragedies.
Night by Elie Wiesel is an example of a memoir.
Alphabetic Knowledge
The ability to recognize, name, and write letters.
Instructional Interventions
additional focus on a specific skill in an effort to improve it
A class struggles with focus, so the teacher incorporates more movement breaks into the daily lesson plan.
Differentiation - Pacing
how much content is presented and how fast the content is presented
Teachers may need to adjust pacing to allow students time to comprehend difficult text.
When using a deficit-based approach, teachers try to identify problems and work to fix them.
Prosody
the reader's ability to convey expression, including using correct emphasis, punctuation, and tone, while reading aloud
Literature Circles
A strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text.
Phonemic Awareness / Sound Awareness
the ability to hear, identify, and re-create individual sounds in spoken words
A student can hear that"B" makes first sound in the word "blue"
Entry-Level Assessment
an assessment that occurs at the beginning of instruction, which is used to determine students' current skill levels and allows the teacher to adjust instruction accordingly
A teacher provides an entry-level asssesment when starting a new unit to determine how much she needs to review some foundational skills before moving on to more advanced skills.
Miscue - Pause
when the reader stops briefly either before or in the middle of a word
An English language learner pauses before pronouncing the word, "rural," because "r" sounds are difficult for him.
Summative Assessments
assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
State assessments, district benchmarks, semester or six weeks tests, and end of unit or chapter
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
a plan created by a committee of general and special educators, parents, specialists, and administrators to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) that is tailored to their needs and goals.
IEP Goals
Miscue - Insertion
when the reader adds a word or group of words to the text
Stakeholders
A reading level in which a student can read and comprehend independently. They have difficulty with no more than one out of every twenty words.
Formal Assessments
a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application.
Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria.
chapter tests, semester tests
Diagnostic Assessment
assessment used to "diagnose" a specific difficulty a student is having
If a student is struggling to read a grade level passage, the teacher could perform a diagnostic assessment to determine what is causing the student's difficulty.
Miscue - Repetition
when the reader repeats a word or group of words in the text
When reading, a student stumbles on his words and goes back to the beginning to restart the sentence.
Code-Based Instruction
instructional model based on the belief that students need to learn phonics and phonemic concepts in order to decode words
Students with higher levels of word recognition rely less on context and more on phonemic knowledge to decode a word.
Ongoing Curriculum Based Assessment
a type of assessment used to track student progress throughout instruction
Ongoing curriculum-based assessments can be used to assess the effectiveness of an instructional plan
Instructional Reading Level
A reading level that is challenging for the student but manageable with teacher support.
They have difficulty with no more than one out of every ten words.
Meaning-Based Instruction
instructional model based on the belief that readers need context to decode words
Frequent reading, teacher modeling, and group reading are strategies to use when incorporating meaning-based instruction in the classroom
Running Record
A reading assessment administered as a student reads aloud and a teacher listens
when the reader replaces the word in the text with a different word
A reader reads, "She completed from A, B and C" instead of, "She completed form A, B and C"
Reliability
Reliable exams produce the same scores when given in the same conditions (same individuals on different occasions or with different sets of equivalent items)
Miscue - Self-Correction
when the reader recognizes and corrects an error
A student notices that what he just read doesn't make sense and goes back to correct his error.
Miscue
an incorrect guess of a word when reading
Suzy read "The snow was extra." instead of "The snow was exciting."
Appropriate Level
leveled to where the content was taught
Absence of Bias (in Assessment)
an assessment should not contain content that can be triggering to some students, but not others
To ensure the absence of bias, test questions should be based on common situations that all students encounter.
Miscue - Omission
when the reader skips over a word or group of words in the text
A reader who struggles with eye tracking skills omits an entire line when reading a text aloud.
There will be instances throughout the school year when it is necessary to share assessment data with stakeholders. Stakeholders may include administrators, colleagues, community members, family members, and of course the students themselves. It is important for all stakeholders to have a clear understanding of the context, methods, and results of the assessment data. This means stakeholders should know specifically:
what was assessed
why it was assessed
how it was assessed
what the performance of the assessment indicates
How can illustrations support predictability in a text for early readers?
Illustrations can signal changes in the established predictable text patterns of the story.
Books for early readers often repeat the same sentence or rhyme from page to page, with small changes
the word wall. The teacher then records the percentage of words each student reads correctly as a grade in the grade book. Which of the following assessment types is this teacher utilizing?
summative assessment-This is an example of a summative assessment because the teacher is assessing what students have learned after a longer period of instruction. Summative assessments are given only a few times throughout the course of the year and assess a student's cumulative knowledge
Oral Language
The system that relates sounds to meanings through communicating by word of mouth.
Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle
Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write
Phonetics
the sounds of human speech
Expressive Language
the ability to express meaning through language
Language Acquisition
the process by which individuals learn a language
Word Lists
a list of words taken out of context and written or printed consecutively
Word lists will specifically require students to read the words without the help of context from a sentence or story, an important factor in determining their stage of word recognition.
Emergent Reader (Stage of Reading Development)
when children understand that written language has meaning and gives messages
Automatic Stage
the final stage of word recognition in which a person decodes fluently and knows many strategies to identify new words
Students in the automatic stage of word recognition are able to read fluently and with greater comprehension because their focus shifts more toward the meaning of the text as a whole and less on individual words.
Phonology
the systematic organization of sounds in languages
Early Reader (Stage of Reading Development)
Early readers begin understanding that reading from the printed page needs to make sense - both from the pictures and from the print
