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An overview of the scientific method, including the importance of observation, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It also discusses the role of testing and reproducibility in scientific research. The document also includes examples of scientific hypotheses and the scientific method in action.
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Pure Science - pursuit of knowledge
Applied Science - search for practical uses of scientific knowledge
A way of investigating the world in order to form general rules about why things happen
tetradoxin
Pain relief in terminal cancer patients
Hypothesis: Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.
Hypothesis: Infants who are breast fed are smarter than infants who are given formula.
Hypothesis: Shark cartilage inhibits blood vessel formation to tumors.
Hypothesis: Exercise makes people happy.
Scientific statements must be testable and reproducible (i.e., valid & reliable).
Observation:
The car won’t start when I turn the ignition.
Question:
Hypothesis:
Test hypothesis:
Analyze Results:
Draw Conclusion:
New hypothesis:
Scientific Method
Independent variable (IV): the variable you manipulate that you believe will affect the DV Dependent variable (DV): the outcome variable, i.e., variable you measure
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Sample Size: The larger the sample size, the better. A larger sample size tends to give you a closer estimate of the true population mean.
Normal Curve
Frequencyin population
Experimental Design
The Blind Men and the Elephant (Saxe; 1816-1887)
It was six men of Indostan To learn much inclined, Who went to see the elephant (Though all of them were blind), That each by observation Might satisfy their mind.
II. The First approached the elephant, And happened to fall Against his broad sturdy side, At once began to bawl: “Bless me!—but the Elephant is very like a wall!”
The Fourth reached out his eager hand, And felt about the knee. “What most this wondrous beast is like Is might plain’” quoth he; “‘T is clear enough the Elephant Is very like a tree!”
VI. The Fifth , who chanced to touch the ear, Said, “E’en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an Elephant Is very like a fan!”
The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Than seizing on the swinging tail That fell within his scope, “I see,” quoth he, “the Elephant Is very like a rope!”
VIII. And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each with his own opinion Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right, And all were in the wrong!