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SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES
Style Guidelines for the Presentation of Dissertations and Assessed Essays
(for MA, MRes, and IMESS students)
The style guidelines that follow are modeled on those recommended to contributors to the Slavonic and East European Review. Social Sciences students may prefer to use the āHarvardā reference system. Whatever system you use, you must ensure consistency of style throughout the dissertation or assessed essay, as well as correct spelling and punctuation. SEER style is based largely on the MHRA Style Guide (www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide) and on the Oxford Writersā Dictionary. These will provide guidance on areas not covered in these notes. Note that titles of books and journals may be underlined or in italics ā remember to be consistent.
1. REFERENCES IN FOOTNOTES References to sources should be cited in footnotes. Use the following styles for references, paying close attention to punctuation. Books : Give: author/editor, title, edition number if relevant, no. of volumes if relevant, place(s) of publication and the name of the publisher, year(s), volume number if relevant, page reference. For multi-volume works you must give the number of vols and their inclusive dates of publication, and cite the relevant volume (in lower case roman numerals) and page reference. This is particularly important in the case of, for example, Complete or Collected Works, of which there may be several editions in existence. After the title, please also give the editor, translator and so on where necessary. For places of publication in the USA, give also the two-letter postal abbreviation of the state (unless published in the city of New York). Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1998 , p. 27. The Works of Thomas Nashe, ed. R. B. McKerrow, 2nd edn, rev. F. P. Wilson, 5 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958-63, 3, pp. 129- 31.
Catherine OāNeil, Nicole Boudreau and Sarah Krive (eds.), Poetics. Self. Place. Essays in Honor of Anna Lisa Crone , Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers, 2007 NB. āp.ā refers to one page, āpp.ā to more than one page. Articles/chapters in books: For a chapter in a monograph, give: author, āchapter titleā in authorās name, book title, place of publication, publisher, date, page span of chapter (specific page reference). For a chapter in an edited or multi-authored volume, give: author, āchapter titleā in editorās/authorās name(s), book title, place of publication, date, page span of chapter (specific page reference). Pierre Hassner, āThe Nation-State in the Nuclear Ageā in Hassner, Violence and Peace: From the Atomic Bomb to Ethnic Cleansing, trans. Jane Brenton, Budapest, London and New York: Central European University Press, 1997, pp. 73-98 (p. 76). JarosÅaw Czubaty, āThe Attitudes of the Polish Political Elite towards the State in the Period of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807-1815ā in Michael Rowe (ed.), Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c.1800- 1815 , Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 , pp. 1 69 - 85 (p. 1 7 8). Articles in journals/periodicals: Give: author, āarticle titleā, journal title, volume number, year, issue number if relevant, page span (specific page reference). For periodicals give periodical title and date (give place of publication only where confusion may arise). Note that a comma rather than āinā follows the article title, as opposed to the style for articles in books, described above. Nicole Christian, āManifestations of the Eccentric in the Works of Vasilii Shukshinā, Slavonic and East European Review, 75, 1997, 2, pp. 201-15 (p. 207). David Rieff, āThe Agency that Has Had a Bad Warā, Guardian (London), 10 June 1999, p. 19. Note that only the London newspaper The Times has a definite article: New York Times, Daily Telegraph. Theses otherwise unpublished: Follow this style: Robert J. Fusillo, āThe Staging of Battle Scenes on the Shakespearean Stageā, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Birmingham, 1966, p. 33.
Book: 1st reference: Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press 1998 (hereafter, Hughes, Russia), p. 27. Repeated reference: Hughes, Russia, p. 25. Chapter: 1st reference: JarosÅaw Czubaty, āThe Attitudes of the Polish Political Elite towards the State in the Period of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807 - 1815ā (hereafter, Czubaty, āThe Attitudes of the Polish Political Eliteā) in Michael Rowe (ed.), Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c.1800- 1815 , Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 , pp. 1 69 - 85 (p. 1 7 8). Repeated reference: Czubaty, āThe Attitudes of the Polish Political Eliteā, p. 1 75. Article in journal: 1st reference: Nicole Christian, āManifestations of the Eccentric in the Works of Vasilii Shukshinā (hereafter, āManifestationsā), Slavonic and East European Review, 75, 1997, 2, pp. 201-15 (p. 207). Repeated reference: Christian, āManifestationsā, p. 210. Archival reference: 1st reference: Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (hereafter, GARF), f. 1318, op. 1, d. 1,1. 1. Repeated reference: GARF, f. 1318, op. 1, d. 1,11.78-79. If you have a large number of footnotes, and a reference is not repeated for a while after its first mention, it may occasionally help the reader if you refer back to the original note, for example: Christian, āManifestationsā (see note 7 above), p. 210.
2. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary and secondary source materials should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of your dissertation or essay. This should give all the works to which you have referred in the body of your work and any others you have consulted which you consider important. In order to make the alphabetical order clear, the surname should come before the initials. Each entry should contain the authorās surname, initials, the title of the publication (underlined or in italics), and the place and year of publication in that order:
Cornwell, N., Pushkinās The Queen of Spades , Bristol, 1993 For edited volumes, put the editorās name first: Schweitser, V. (ed.), Marina Tsvetaeva: One Hundred Years, Berkeley, CA, 1994 Entries in the bibliography for articles should give the authorās name, followed by the title of the article in single quotation marks, the name of the journal (underlined or in italics), the volume number (if any), date of publication, issue number (if any) and page numbers. Nicholas, M.A., āPilĀ“niak on writingā, Slavonic and East European Review, 71, 1993, 2, pp. 217 - 53 As mentioned above, indicate only those sources to which you have referred in the body of your essay and any others you have consulted which you consider important, but not the entire extent of your reading. 3. GENERAL POINTS Non-English titles Titles of non-English periodicals should be underlined and transliterated. There is no need to give a translation of the title, for example, Pravda, Nash sovremennik, Russkaia myslā. Titles of literary and other works discussed should be given in the original, underlined and transliterated, and a translation of the title and the date of original publication should appear in parentheses, for example, āIn Dostoevskiiās Prestuplenie i nakazanie (Crime and Punishment, 1866), we find that...ā. Thereafter you may use either the original or translated title but be consistent (and adopt the same style for all works thus cited: donāt discuss Crime and Punishment in one paragraph and then go on to talk of Bratāia Karamazovy). Capitalization This is a thorny area, and one that tends to evolve. In general initial capitals should be used with restraint. Please refer to the following for guidance, and if in doubt use lower case. General: Use capitals for the names of people, places, nationalities, days of the week, months (but not seasons), wars (use āthe First/Second World Warā rather than āWorld War I/IIā), treaties (the Treaty of Rome), institutions and organizations, unique events (the October Revolution), empires (the British Empire) and parts of books and so on when referred to specifically (Chapter 2, Part IV, Figure 8, Act 3). Do not capitalize adjectival forms (tsarist Russia, imperial Rome), but note that Communism and its derivatives are always capitalized: āpost-Communistā and so on. Points of the compass are not
[Complete text of original] Fred was a prince among men in Asia. Even after the disaster in Bukhara, he still had many followers who worshipped him. Example 1: āFred was a prince among men [...]. Even after the disaster [...], he still had many followersā. (Note no need for ellipsis at end as punctuation makes clear the sentence is not complete.) Example 2: āFred [...] had many followers who worshipped him.ā Example 3: āFred was a prince among men in Asia. [...] He still had many followersā. Verse quotations should be given in the original language. Prose quotations (unless illustrating a literary, linguistic or stylistic point) should be given in English translation. All quotations in a language other than English or the language of your dissertation topic should be accompanied by a translation: it is usually preferable to provide a translation in the body of the text rather than in a footnote. For example, if you are writing a dissertation on a Russian writer, quote from the writerās works in the original; there is no need to provide translations. Quotations longer than four or five lines should be set indented rather than run on in the text. Indented quotations do not need quotation marks. To cut down on the number of footnotes, if you are quoting repeatedly from one work or one author it is acceptable to give page references within the text after the first reference (which should appear in a footnote and give full bibliographical details: then cite short title and make clear that further references will be given in the text). Non-English Words Underline non-English words unless they are in common English usage (for example, elite, genre). The abbreviations ibid. and et al. (note full stop) are not underlined. Words in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and so on should be underlined and transliterated (unless you are quoting a passage, in which case it is best not to transliterate). Capitals in all languages retain their accents, apart from the French word Ć , which loses its accent when capitalized. Names of institutions and organizations are not underlined, for example, Rathaus, Sejm, Duma, Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soiuza. In linguistics articles, specimen words are underlined and followed by their translations in single quotation marks, for example, izba āhutā. See also āTransliterationā below. Place-names and personal names Use standard English forms for place-names if they exist in current usage (Warsaw, Belgrade, Moscow and so on). Usage can change rapidly. The time-hallowed Cracow (for KrakĆ³w) is now yielding to Krakow. Where standard English forms do not exist, above all be consistent as regards place names that have changed along with the regime or frontiers. Either use the form current in whatever country the place is now located (for example Vilnius rather than Wilno or Vilna, even for the
period between the sixteenth century and 1939) or else use the form which, in your judgement, most fairly reflects the period of which you write (for example Pozsony or Pressburg rather than Bratislava before periods before the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic). For personal names, give full name on first mention, together with rank or title if appropriate. Use standard English forms, if such exist, of foreign names of historical monarchs as well as saints, for example, Ivan the Terrible, Catherine the Great, Ferdinand and Isabella, St Francis of Assisi. Otherwise transliterate, but do not mix systems within the same name (for example, not Alexis Mikhailovich or Frederick Wilhelm). Names transliterated from Cyrillic must be in the house style transliteration (based on the Library of Congress system, see transliteration table below), for example, EIātsin not Yeltsin, Lev Tolstoi not Leo Tolstoy, Trotskii not Trotsky, Chaikovskii not Tchaikovsky, Iosif (or I. V.) Stalin not Joseph Stalin. Names ending in - s, - z or - x have possessives in - ās unless they are from Classical Antiquity, for example, Marxās, Camusās, but Achillesā not Achillesās. Numerals Spell out numerals from one to ninety-nine, and use figures for 100 and above (but keep āhundredā, āthousandā, āmillionā and ābillionā as words if they appear as whole numbers, for example, āa thousand years agoā). Use figures in percentages: 26 per cent. Inclusive numerals give the last two digits, for example, 15-17, 123-25, 401-04. Use commas in numerals containing more than three digits to distinguish them from years: 1,914. Dates Use the style 9 June 1999. Add (OS) if Old Style. Note also ā55 BCā but āAD 1453ā. Abbreviations Use a full stop only if the last letter is not the last letter of the word, for example āDrā, āStā, āvolsā, but āCo.ā, āp.ā, āvol.ā. Note also āno.ā and ānos.ā (both have stops). Do not use stops in the names of institutions, countries, books, journals, academic degrees and so on. For example, USA, CIS, USSR, UN, BBC, SEER, OED, PhD Use āfor exampleā rather than e.g., āand so onā rather than etc., āthat isā rather than āi.eā. Punctuation Use a single blank space after full stops at the end of sentences (not double). Do not insert extra blank lines between paragraphs: use a tab mark to indent the first line of the paragraph. Use two hyphens surrounded by spaces to indicate em-dashes (--) -- thus.
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