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SC General and Structural Pest Control
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What is the series of events from egg to adult called? - ANSWER Lifecycle
What is metamorphosis? - ANSWER The change that must take place in before the young insect matures into an adult is called Metamorphosis
What Phylum do all insect-related animals belong to? - ANSWER All insect-related animals such as mites, ticks, and spiders belong to a phulum called the Arthropoda
What are Arachnids? - ANSWER Spiders, Mites, scorpions, and ticks. Most arthropod pests are insects or arachnids.
- four pairs of legs
- two body segments (abdomen and cephalothorax)
Name the four control strategies used to attempt the control of arthropods or rodents. - ANSWER 1. Resource Management/Environment Manipulation
- Prevention/Mechanical Barriers
- Biological Control
- Chemical Control
Resource Management/Environment Manipulation - ANSWER Management of food, water, and shelter availability, and habitat modification to minimize or eliminate pest is usually one of the most effective methods for controlling pests.
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Prevention/Mechanical Barriers - ANSWER Barriers such as screens, netting, and protective clothing all are mechanical means to protect people from biting and nuisance insects.
Biological Control - ANSWER The use of predators, parasites, and pathogens (insect diseases) can be effective in controlling some pest species, if the beneficial organisms can establish themselves or if a population can be maintained.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - ANSWER This concept uses a combination of biological, environmental and chemical control methods
IPM- How? - ANSWER Controlling pests by stressing non-chemical methods is the goal of pest management programs
IPM- Why? - ANSWER An IPM program seeks to maintain to maintain pest populations below the level at which they cause problems.
IPM - ANSWER It is an alternative and improved approach to traditional pest management. I uses information on the life cycles of pests and their interactions with the environment, in combination with available pest control methods, to manage pests by the most economical means with the least possible damage to people, property, and the environment.
IPM- Program - ANSWER Under an IPM program, spraying is used ONLY when ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY
What is the difference between winged ants and termite swarmers? - ANSWER Thee key features can quickly identify winged ants:
- A pinched waist
- Elbowed antennae
- Wings of different lengths
Which ant species has a heart-shaped abdomen? - ANSWER Acrobat Ant
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Male ants - ANSWER - Found in colonies only during swarmer formation
- Sole purpose: mating, and most die soon afterwards.
Control of Ants - ANSWER - Usually multi-step process including
- Proper Identification
- Location of all nests
- Baiting
- Perimeter barrier treatment
- Non-chemical methods
Five Types of Ants in South Carolina that cause most problems - ANSWER 1. Red Imported Fire Ants
- Argentine Ants
- Odorous House Ants
- Pharaoh Ants
- Acrobat Ants
Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) - ANSWER - Redish-Brown
- 1/16 to 1/4 of an inch
- Extremely Aggressive
- Workers are different sizes (Polymorphic)
- Prefers open areas, yards, school playgrounds, athletic fields, campgrounds, and golf courses
- Sometimes nest in gas and water meter boxes, air conditioners, and other electrical equipment
- Follow pipes into structures
Red Imported Fire Ant Control - ANSWER -Non-chemical control- lawn cut short
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- Chemical control is best option
- Best achieved with two step process:
- Broadcast a bait
- Treat individual mounds with an approved mound drench, granule, aerosol, or dust insecticide
(individual mounds should be treated no sooner than 7 days after baits are applied
Argentine Ants - ANSWER - Do not sting
- 1/16 of an inch, they are tiny
- light brown to dark brown
- Legs lighter in color
- Multiple Queen colonies, house a few hundred to a few thousand workers
- Usually mate in the nest, so winged swarmers are rare
- Indoors, usually located in moist places or near food
- Outside, usually under rocks, along sidewalks, under plants, they like to climb bushes and trees
- Prefer food like syrup and sugar
Argentine Ant Control - ANSWER Non-Chemical
- Keep cracks and crevices caulked, general sanitation, keep food containers tightly sealed
Chemical-
- Locate all the nests
- Treat with a residual insecticide is very effective
- Follow with baiting program and perimeter treatment for effective control
Odorous House Ants - ANSWER - Extremely common, infest more places in US than argentine
- Brown to black, 1/16 to 1/8 inch
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- No swarmer flights, even though they have wings
- Wide variety of food sources such as sweets, meats, fats, and dead insects
- Frequenters in hospitals feeding on blood and spilled fluids
- Workers use sugar, while larvae and queen use protein sources
Pharaoh Ants Control - ANSWER Non Chemical
- Proper identification, managing is diff than any other species of structure-infesting ants
- Sometimes nest in collected roof debris, caulk crevices
Chemical Control
- Liquid insecticide sprays can cause pharaoh ants to separate into more colonies, making problem worse
- This is called budding
- Baits and exclusion primary pesticide tools
- Good bait placement is key, tell customer not to spray ants trailing to bait stations
Acrobat Ant - ANSWER - Heart shaped abdomen
- Several species, some give off unpleasant odor when alarmed
- Will bite
- Light brown to black
- 1/16-1/8 inch
- Workers are monomorphic
- swarms seen from mid to late summer
- Inside, often nest in wood with high moisture, same conditions that carpenter ants prefer
- Nest in styrofoam insulation, wall voids, under rocks, logs, or up in trees and bushes when outside
- can be found in abandoned termite or carpenter ant galleries
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- Prefer honeydew, live and dead insects, inside they like sweets and meats
Acrobat Ant Control - ANSWER Non-Chemical Control
- Thorough inspection of structure, check exterior of building if found inside, look for trails on foundation, on wires, utility lines, and pipes, tree and shrub branches, ask customer if had any moistures problems in past
- seal cracks and crevices, foliage back from structures, sometimes removal necessary
Chemical Control
- Direct injection works best for nests located in wood
- Nest in siding require siding to be removed before treating, exposed nest can be vacuumed.
- full perimeter treatment, use wettable powder or micro encapsulated formulation
Successful ant treatment requires 2 things - ANSWER 1. Proper Identification
- Careful Inspection
polymorphic - ANSWER having various forms (sizes)
Monomorphic - ANSWER having a single form (sizes)
Cockroaches - ANSWER - Chewing mouth parts
- legs specialized for running and climbing, even smooth surfaces
- Most domestic species have wings
- Weak flyers
Life Cycle of coackroach - ANSWER Three stage Metamorphosis
- Egg
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German Cockroach - ANSWER -1/2 to 5/8 inches long
-pale brown with 2 dark stripes behind head
-nymphs darker with single light stripe
- Most economically imported urban pest
- Female, unlike any other species, carries her egg cases until hatching
- foraging: only travel about 10 feet as adults and a few feet as nymphs
German Cockroach Control - ANSWER Non-Chemical Control
- Thorough inspection
- Unsanitary conditions contribute greatly
- Remove food and water
- Prevention, cracks crevices, structure is in good general repair
Chemical Control
- Proper placement of baits is key
- Incorporate IGR's
Smokybrown cockroach - ANSWER - sometimes called palmetto bugs
-1 to 1 1/2 inches long
- prefer dark, humid, warm environments, mulch, log piles, thick vegetation, gutters, trees along the coast
- In structure, can be in attic to crawlspace
- adult males may fly on warm evenings
- full development averages 600 days
Smokybrown cockroach control - ANSWER Non-Chemical Control
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- Inspection
- Generally outdoors, control begins with prevention
- trim tree branches
- exclusion cracks crevices vents, etc.
Chemical Control
- Outside treatment of dense cover and tree holes is usually required for control to work
- Perimeter treatment using micro-encapsulated or wettable powder formulations are helpful
American Cockroach - ANSWER - Largest domestic cockroach (1 3/8 to 2 1/8 inches)
- Strikingly large legs with visible spines
- can be serious problem in commercial kitchens, doesn't typically inhabit inside
- Male and Female are fully winged
- Usually a brown to yellowish band behind the thorax
- most cases, they fly from high to low places
- Nymphs are reddish brown and molt 9-13 times before maturing
- Dark, warm, humid locations
- sewer lines, leaf litter, crawlspaces, basements
- developmental time is influenced by temperature
American Cockroach control - ANSWER Non-Chemical control
Chemical Control
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- Found in coastal areas of SC
- Look identical to German cockroaches, but behave differently
- Outdoor pest primarily
- Pine need mulch
- fly short distances
- during day when disturbed
- at dusk, become very active
- adults very attracted to lights reflected off of light colored walls, then rest on lighted surfaces, lampshades, television etc.
- Light brown to tan in color
- Females slightly darker than male
Asian cockroach Control - ANSWER Non-Chemical Control
- Inspection
- Keep lawn cut short, eliminate clutter and mulch
- crack and c sealed
Chemical Control
- Same as all other cockroaches
- however, indoor applications generally ineffective bc only a few asian cockroaches will enter structure at night
- Breeding site may not be on customers property making control difficult
- use scatter baits or targeted sprays applied to infested grass or ground litter areas
Which cockroach species is the most economically important urban pest? - ANSWER German Cockroach
Which cockroach species is the largest domestic cockroach? - ANSWER American cockroach
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Where are asian cockroaches primarily found? - ANSWER Coastal areas of SC
Stinging insects - ANSWER - Same insect group as ants
- Important to remember that wasps, hornets, and bees are basically all beneficial insects; they are predators of pest insects and pollinators of flowering plants
-Also help reduce the amount of many insect pest specifies
- Go through complete metamorphosis
What is the social system of bees and wasps made up of? - ANSWER - Primarily workers and a queen(s)
Drones - ANSWER males that develop from the unfertilized egg; several mate with the queen at the same time to insure the genetic diversity in the hive
Wasps, hornets and bees are categorized into what two groups? - ANSWER Wasps, hornets and bees are categorized as either being social or solitary insects.
Solitary- Live independently of each other
Social- live together in nests or colonies, and they have a definite caste system of workers, queen(s), and males.
What do female mud dauber use for food for their larvae? - ANSWER Spiders
Mud Dauber - ANSWER - Solitary wasps
- Mud nests, slender and black in color
- Non-chemical control: knock down the nests
- Chemical: treat the female directly, aerosol pyrethroids ofter work best, they can be discouraged from nesting in an area treated with wettable powder or micro encapsulated formulation
- Female builds the nest, paralyzing a spider inside, feeds it to larvae when they hatch
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- Black with yellow markings, "fuzzy" appearance
- Adults will defend a nest and will sting
- Queen lays 6 - 8 eggs on lump of pollen in nest
Honey Bees - ANSWER - Dark yellow to orange-brown
- Fuzzy like bumblebees
- Entire populace of the hive will overwinter together
- Only one queen per hive, can lay 1000 eggs per day
- Will sting only when hive is threatened
Solitary ground bees - ANSWER - Small - 1/8" to 3/4" long
- Build nests in the ground
- Can and will sting
- Black with pale banded colors, sometimes metallic
- Both sexes overwinter
- Some species attracted to sweat - "sweat bees"
What group does the scorpion belong to? - ANSWER arachnid
Amphipods (Scuds) - ANSWER - Shrimp like crustaceans, not insects. Bc amphipods are not insects, they lack the waxy outer layer that insects have. They rapidly lose and gain water from their surrounding.
Amphipods (Scuds) Control - ANSWER Non chemical- Eliminate moisture problems and vacuum
Chemical- apply formulations labeled for yard and mulched areas
Sowbugs and pillbug (isopods) - ANSWER - crustaceans
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- more closely related to shrimp and lobster than insect
-7 pairs of legs
- Two very noticeable tail-like appendages on their rear end
- slate gray color
- The pillbug will roll up into a ball when disturbed, the sowbug will not
- Treat foundation walls, crawlspaces, plant beds
Booklice - ANSWER - often found on moldy paper and books in damp areas of the home
- they are not true lice, they belong to a group of insects called psocids
- Maintaining humidity less than 50% will kill psocids in time
Booklice Control - ANSWER non chemical- Humidity control, without moisture they dry up and die
Chemical- directed application of appropriate privately labeled pesticide.
Stinging Catepilars - ANSWER There are three types of stinging caterpillars in SC
- The puss
2.The saddleback
3.Io (pronounced eye-oh)
control- just remove them. no need to use chemical. dont touch with bare hands.
Millipedes and Centipedes - ANSWER Not insects, more closely related to shrimp and lobsters
- live outdoors in moist, protected ares like under mulch
- The house centipede is the only centipede that can live and reproduce inside homes
- inside- typically found in bathrooms, closet, anywhere with high humidity
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Earwigs - ANSWER - Mainly plant and insect feeders that become pests when they seek shelter and enter homes
- the forceps or "pinchers" on the end of their abdomen identify them
- they prefer moist conditions
- most active at night
- food on live or dead plants
non- chemical control- keep organic mulch and debris away from the border of the structure to eliminate moist areas
chemical control- baits are very effective
- wettable powder and micro encapsulated formulations applied in "band treatments" are extremely effective
What type of environment do amphipods prefer? - ANSWER Moist areas, but when it becomes too wet, they will go inside homes and die within 24 hours due to water loss
What does a pillbug do that a sowbug does not? - ANSWER roll into a ball
what insect is typically found on moldy papers and books? - ANSWER Book Lice
When do millipedes typically come inside homes and structures? - ANSWER When looking for shelter
which cricket species does not chirp? - ANSWER Camel Cricket
Name three common seasonal invaders - ANSWER 1. Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles
- Clover Mites
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- Boxelder Bugs
Which seasonal invader is known as a "reflex bleeder"? - ANSWER Lady beetles, referred to as reflex breeders, which means they ooze a reddish blood from their joints when handled.
Clover mites - ANSWER - more closely related to ticks.
- rusty red and the size of a pinhead
- like sun exposed surfaces
- only use chemical control on heavy infestations
- lay eggs in the fall under the bark of trees
Lady Beetles - ANSWER - 1/3 inch long, yellow to orange with black spots
- Beneficial, eat aphids
- Caulking and screening to prevent
- Vacuum is the best way to control
Case-making clothes moth - ANSWER - One of the most common clothes moths in SC
- Larva spins silken "case"
- Buff to golden color, 3 dark spots on front wings
- Adults do not feed, not attracted to light
Non Chemical control - look in air ducts and cold air returns, professionally clean
Chemical control - remove infested items and apply pesticide to entire physical area, moth balls for clothing
What is a sign of silverfish and firebrat infestation? - ANSWER Signs of their feeding are irregularly chewed patches
