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National Identity and Ethnic Crises in Pakistan: Case Study of Seraiki Ethnic Movement: Why there are ethnic disruption in our society? Why Pakistan is not viewed by all people as their homeland? What is the root cause of identity crises? Paul Brass has discussed different dimensions of ethnic conflicts
Unequal distribution Evolution of ethnic Political of resources. Consciousness due context. to subjective factors.
Crises of ethnic identity in terms of discriminatory economic policies.
Asymmetrical economic development, did not benefit masses and elite equally.
Nexus between Punjabis and Mohajir Community
Convergence of economic interests
Deprivation or sense of marginalization among smaller ethnic groups.
The political conditions during 1950s
Political Constitutional Debate regarding Ethnic instability issues the status of state. demands Theocratic, secular from or Islamic. Bengalis.
The decade of 1960s Transformation of political goals
The issue of ethnicity and Developmental goals became ideology were diffused. More pronounced + Rhetoric of modernization.
Secular trends + Hegemony of West Pakistan in terms of economic growth.
Escalated ethnic and political dissent.
Ayub Khan’s developmental strategies created gap between haves and havesnot.
Authoritarianism
Economic disparities
Suppressive political culture
The decades of 1970s
The interpretation of national identity in terms of socio- economic paradigm.
Bhutto’s populism generated Sindhi Nationalism / discord between Sindhis and Muhajirs.
Popular support was with the PPP in West Pakistan.
Style of governance Political dissidence, ethnic autocratic + denial confrontation and of land reforms. Provincialism.
Ethnic crises rising in 1977 elections, opposition movements resulted in military take over.
The new dimension of Ethnicity and national identity during 1980s.
Afghan issue dominated the Pakistan politics. Zia adopted instrumental approach to tackle ethnic issue. The use of Islam to perpetuate his power. Zia’s referendum in the name of Islam. Denial of democratic and electoral process.
There are three aspects of relative deprivation i.e.
decremental, aspirational and progressive deprivation in terms of expectations and achievement levels. Decremental Deprivation Expectations among individual's remain stable Achievements become less
Aspirational Deprivation Expectations keep on rising. Achievements remain stable.
Progressive Deprivation Expectations remain stable Achievement become high and high
Seraiki is the widely spoken language in the districts of Bhawalpur, Lodhran, Vehari, Pakpattan, Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Sargodha, Khushab, Layyah, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Tank, Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalnagar.
Economic Deprivation: - The nationalist parties claimed that the areas like Bhawalpur generate more revenue than it is spent on it. It is the biggest producer of Pakistan’s most important cash crop ‘cotton’. But the successive governments could not be able to come up to the normative expectations of the Seraiki population.
There is 50.58% population living below the poverty line in Dera Ghazi Khan, 39.86% in Bhawalpur while 38.91% in Multan.
During 2009-10 developmental projects of 20 billion were allocated for Punjab out of which only one was given to South Punjab. Linguistic issues. Reservations of Seraki population
