Samrat ASHOK Technological
Institute ASSIGNMENT 1
Academic year 2020-2021
BTECH 1st Year 2nd Semester
Submitted by- Prateek Sharma
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Subject- Manufacturing Practices
Submitted to- Dr. R.M. Saxena
TOPIC 2 - CARPENTRY
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Samrat ASHOK Technological Institute ASSIGNMENT 1 Carpent, Study notes of Workplace Safety
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Samrat ASHOK Technological
Institute
ASSIGNMENT 1
Academic year 2020-
BTECH 1
st
Year 2
nd
Semester
Submitted by- Prateek Sharma
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Subject- Manufacturing Practices
Submitted to- Dr. R.M. Saxena
TOPIC 2 - CARPENTRY
Carpentry
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary
work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of
building materials during the construction of buildings, ships,
timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters
traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work
such as framing, but today many other materials are also
used
[1]
and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and
furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United
States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth
most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In
2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million
carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first
tradesmen on a job and the last to leave.
[2]
Carpenters
normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the
19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called
timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being
employed through an apprenticeship training—normally 4
years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's
competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the
United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and
South Africa.
[3]
It is also common that the skill can be learned
by gaining work experience other than a formal training
Carpentry schools and programs
A Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate
programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction,
restoration, and preservation carpentry fields. Sometimes these programs are
called pre-apprenticeship training.
In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through
apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE)
in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this
is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience
whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.
There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and
cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions
spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning
mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools.
Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the
physical aspect of the work.
Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have successfully passed the
graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyman carpenters) are
assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction
sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as
they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year pprentice,
apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a
Master carpenter
After working as a journeyman for a while, a
carpenter may go on to study or test as a master
carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany,
Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and
expensive process, requiring extensive
knowledge (including economic and legal
knowledge) and skill to achieve master
certification; these countries generally require
master status for anyone employing and
teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like
the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a
loosely used term to describe any skilled
carpenter.
Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often
move into related trades such as shop fitting,
scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and
system installation
Health and safety
United States
Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include
Machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise,
vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire
through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act.
[25]
OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65
percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same
time, U.S. employment has almost doubled."
[26]
The leading cause of overall fatalities, called
the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between.
In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known
dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and
provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job
hazards in a language that they can understand."
[27]
Examples of how to prevent falls
includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered
and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.
Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the
requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote
long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.
Types and occupations
A finish carpenter (North America), also called a joiner (a traditional name
now rare in North America), is one who does finish carpentry, that is,
cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument
making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and
minimal margins of error are important. Some large-scale construction may
be of the exactitude and artistry that it is classed as finish carpentry.
A carpenter and joiner has much broader skill sets ranging from joinery,
finishing carpentry, building construction, and formwork.
A trim carpenter specializes in molding and trim, such as door and window
casings, mantels, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Cabinet
installers may also be referred to as trim carpenters.
A cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing
in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers,
storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.
A ship's carpenter specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, repair
techniques, and carpentry specific to nautical needs in addition to many
other onboard tasks; usually, the term refers to a carpenter who has a post
on a specific ship. Steel warships as well as wooden ones need ship's
carpenters, especially for making emergency repairs in the case of battle or
storm damage.
Types of carpentry
While the term carpenter is used to refer to anyone
that works with wood, there are actually different
types of carpentry. So what does a carpenter do? The
two main types of carpentry include:
Rough carpentry
Rough carpentry is all work that doesn't require a neat
finish as it will be covered up by walls or other items.
Structural carpentry is the most common type of
rough carpentry and these carpenters are very skilled
in quickly erecting the structural components of a
building, such as beams, posts and rafters. Rough
carpenters commonly work in roofing and framing.
Finish carpentry
Finish carpentry refers to all carpentry
work that will be visible once a building
has been completed and, as such, finish
carpenters work to a high level of detail.
The type of work that finish carpenters
do includes decking, flooring, building
staircases, installing windows and doors,
erecting pergolas or other structures,
install trim and moulding and so on.
Trim carpentry
A trim carpenter is one that specialises in
installing the trims and mouldings into a room
such as mantles, skirting boards, cornices,
architraves, ornamental trim and so forth.
Green carpentry
A green carpenter is a carpenter that is skilled
and trained in the same way as a standard
carpenter but they have a particular interest and
skill set in using environmentally sustainable
methods and materials in their projects.
Scenic carpentry
Scenic carpenters specialise in the erecting and
dismantling of scenery and sets that are used in
films, television, and plays.
Ship's carpentry
A ship's carpenter is one that specialises in
shipbuilding, maintenance and repair
techniques. They are needed on steel ships as
well as wooden ships.
What is second fix carpentry?
Second fix carpenters come onto the job site to
finish off the work. They do a lot of the finish
carpentry, including formwork and cabinetmaking.
Jobs like installing doors, laying floorboards,
creating and installing skirting boards and finishing
off staircases are all done in this phase.
What is shuttering carpentry?
A shuttering carpenter is another name for a
formwork carpenter. In some circles, 'shuttering' is
used rather than 'formwork', but each does the
same work.
Types of carpenter
Carpenters often specialise in one or two areas, allowing them
to develop and hone their skills accordingly, in particular where
they tend to work on larger projects. Some of the different types
of carpenter include:
Rough carpenter: Framing, formwork, roofing and other
structural work.
Joister: Lays floor joists onto which a floor surface is fixed.
Trim carpenter: Specialises in mouldings and trims, such as
mantles, skirting boards), and other ornamental work.
Cabinet maker: Make cabinets as well as other furniture such as
dressers, wardrobes, and so on.
Ship’s carpenter: Specialise in ship and boat building.
Framer: Specialise in the framework of buildings.
Roofer: Specialise in the rafters, beams and trusses of roof
construction.
A joiner, or finish carpenter, is typically not considered to be a
carpenter (although there is some confusion and overlap
between the use of the terms). Joiners generally specialise in
lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a
carpenter. This includes fine woodworking, fittings, doors and
windows, furniture, details, and so on. Joiners typically work in
Qualifications
Traditionally, a carpenter would train as an apprentice and work
their way up to becoming a ‘master carpenter’. On-the-job
training is often provided from college or training providers for
those seeking to attain the appropriate NVQ/SVQ level. The
NVQ/SVQ in Wood Occupations, between levels 1 and 3, is the
most common qualification to acquire as a carpenter.
The Institute of Carpenters (IOC) enables carpenters to expand
their skills with extra qualifications. Membership of the IOC
comes with a bronze, silver or gold card which represents ability.