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Samrat ASHOK Technological Institute ASSIGNMENT 1 Carpent, Study notes of Workplace Safety

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2020/2021

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Samrat ASHOK Technological
Institute ASSIGNMENT 1
Academic year 2020-2021
BTECH 1st Year 2nd Semester
Submitted by- Prateek Sharma
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Subject- Manufacturing Practices
Submitted to- Dr. R.M. Saxena
TOPIC 2 - CARPENTRY
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Samrat ASHOK Technological

Institute

ASSIGNMENT 1

Academic year 2020-

BTECH 1

st

Year 2

nd

Semester

Submitted by- Prateek Sharma

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Subject- Manufacturing Practices

Submitted to- Dr. R.M. Saxena

TOPIC 2 - CARPENTRY

Carpentry

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary

work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of

building materials during the construction of buildings, ships,

timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters

traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work

such as framing, but today many other materials are also

used

[1]

and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and

furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United

States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth

most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In

2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million

carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first

tradesmen on a job and the last to leave.

[2]

Carpenters

normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the

19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called

timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being

employed through an apprenticeship training—normally 4

years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's

competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the

United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and

South Africa.

[3]

It is also common that the skill can be learned

by gaining work experience other than a formal training

Carpentry schools and programs

A Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate

programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction,

restoration, and preservation carpentry fields. Sometimes these programs are

called pre-apprenticeship training.

In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through

apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE)

in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this

is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience

whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.

There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and

cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions

spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning

mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools.

Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the

physical aspect of the work.

Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have successfully passed the

graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyman carpenters) are

assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction

sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as

they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year pprentice,

apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a

Master carpenter

After working as a journeyman for a while, a

carpenter may go on to study or test as a master

carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany,

Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and

expensive process, requiring extensive

knowledge (including economic and legal

knowledge) and skill to achieve master

certification; these countries generally require

master status for anyone employing and

teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like

the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a

loosely used term to describe any skilled

carpenter.

Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often

move into related trades such as shop fitting,

scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and

system installation

Health and safety

United States

Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include

Machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise,

vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire

through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act.

[25]

OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65

percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same

time, U.S. employment has almost doubled."

[26]

The leading cause of overall fatalities, called

the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between.

In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known

dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and

provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job

hazards in a language that they can understand."

[27]

Examples of how to prevent falls

includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered

and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.

Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the

requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote

long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.

Types and occupations

A finish carpenter (North America), also called a joiner (a traditional name

now rare in North America), is one who does finish carpentry, that is,

cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument

making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and

minimal margins of error are important. Some large-scale construction may

be of the exactitude and artistry that it is classed as finish carpentry.

A carpenter and joiner has much broader skill sets ranging from joinery,

finishing carpentry, building construction, and formwork.

A trim carpenter specializes in molding and trim, such as door and window

casings, mantels, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Cabinet

installers may also be referred to as trim carpenters.

A cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing

in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers,

storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.

A ship's carpenter specializes in shipbuilding, maintenance, repair

techniques, and carpentry specific to nautical needs in addition to many

other onboard tasks; usually, the term refers to a carpenter who has a post

on a specific ship. Steel warships as well as wooden ones need ship's

carpenters, especially for making emergency repairs in the case of battle or

storm damage.

Types of carpentry

While the term carpenter is used to refer to anyone

that works with wood, there are actually different

types of carpentry. So what does a carpenter do? The

two main types of carpentry include:

Rough carpentry

Rough carpentry is all work that doesn't require a neat

finish as it will be covered up by walls or other items.

Structural carpentry is the most common type of

rough carpentry and these carpenters are very skilled

in quickly erecting the structural components of a

building, such as beams, posts and rafters. Rough

carpenters commonly work in roofing and framing.

Finish carpentry

Finish carpentry refers to all carpentry

work that will be visible once a building

has been completed and, as such, finish

carpenters work to a high level of detail.

The type of work that finish carpenters

do includes decking, flooring, building

staircases, installing windows and doors,

erecting pergolas or other structures,

install trim and moulding and so on.

Trim carpentry

A trim carpenter is one that specialises in

installing the trims and mouldings into a room

such as mantles, skirting boards, cornices,

architraves, ornamental trim and so forth.

Green carpentry

A green carpenter is a carpenter that is skilled

and trained in the same way as a standard

carpenter but they have a particular interest and

skill set in using environmentally sustainable

methods and materials in their projects.

Scenic carpentry

Scenic carpenters specialise in the erecting and

dismantling of scenery and sets that are used in

films, television, and plays.

Ship's carpentry

A ship's carpenter is one that specialises in

shipbuilding, maintenance and repair

techniques. They are needed on steel ships as

well as wooden ships.

What is second fix carpentry?

Second fix carpenters come onto the job site to

finish off the work. They do a lot of the finish

carpentry, including formwork and cabinetmaking.

Jobs like installing doors, laying floorboards,

creating and installing skirting boards and finishing

off staircases are all done in this phase.

What is shuttering carpentry?

A shuttering carpenter is another name for a

formwork carpenter. In some circles, 'shuttering' is

used rather than 'formwork', but each does the

same work.

Types of carpenter

Carpenters often specialise in one or two areas, allowing them

to develop and hone their skills accordingly, in particular where

they tend to work on larger projects. Some of the different types

of carpenter include:

Rough carpenter: Framing, formwork, roofing and other

structural work.

Joister: Lays floor joists onto which a floor surface is fixed.

Trim carpenter: Specialises in mouldings and trims, such as

mantles, skirting boards), and other ornamental work.

Cabinet maker: Make cabinets as well as other furniture such as

dressers, wardrobes, and so on.

Ship’s carpenter: Specialise in ship and boat building.

Framer: Specialise in the framework of buildings.

Roofer: Specialise in the rafters, beams and trusses of roof

construction.

A joiner, or finish carpenter, is typically not considered to be a

carpenter (although there is some confusion and overlap

between the use of the terms). Joiners generally specialise in

lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a

carpenter. This includes fine woodworking, fittings, doors and

windows, furniture, details, and so on. Joiners typically work in

Qualifications

Traditionally, a carpenter would train as an apprentice and work

their way up to becoming a ‘master carpenter’. On-the-job

training is often provided from college or training providers for

those seeking to attain the appropriate NVQ/SVQ level. The

NVQ/SVQ in Wood Occupations, between levels 1 and 3, is the

most common qualification to acquire as a carpenter.

The Institute of Carpenters (IOC) enables carpenters to expand

their skills with extra qualifications. Membership of the IOC

comes with a bronze, silver or gold card which represents ability.