RSCH 504 EVALUATION & TRANSLATION OF HEALTH RESEARCH EXAM Q & A WITH RATIONALES 2024, Exams of Nursing

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RSCH 50 4

Evaluation &

Translation of Health

Research

Q & A w/ Rationales

A:

1. A nurse is conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic pain. She searches several databases and finds 20 relevant RCTs. She then assesses the quality of each RCT using a standardized tool. What is the purpose of this step? a) To eliminate bias in the selection of studies b) To synthesize the results of the studies c) To determine the applicability of the findings to practice d) To evaluate the internal validity of the studies* Rationale: Evaluating the internal validity of the studies is important to assess how well the RCTs were designed and conducted, and whether they minimized the risk of confounding factors, selection bias, measurement error, and other threats to validity.
2. A nurse is reading a research article on the effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression in palliative care patients. The article reports that music therapy significantly reduced anxiety and depression scores compared to a control group. The nurse wants to know if the results are clinically meaningful, not just statistically significant. Which of the following measures can help her answer this question? a) P-value b) Confidence interval c) Effect size*

a) Nominal data b) Ordinal data* c) Interval data d) Ratio data Rationale: Ordinal data are data that can be ranked or ordered according to some criterion, but have no fixed or equal intervals between values. Examples of ordinal data are Likert scales, pain scores, or satisfaction ratings.

5. A nurse is reviewing a research article on the impact of nurse-led interventions on medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions. The article uses a meta-analysis approach to combine the results of several studies on this topic. The nurse notices that some studies report positive effects, while others report negative or no effects. How can she assess if there is heterogeneity among the studies? a) By looking at the forest plot* b) By looking at the funnel plot c) By looking at the risk ratio d) By looking at the number needed to treat Rationale: A forest plot is a graphical representation of the results of individual studies and their pooled estimate in a meta-analysis. It can help to assess heterogeneity by showing how much variation there is among the effect sizes and confidence intervals of different studies.
6. A nurse is interested in learning more about how patients cope with chronic illness. She decides to conduct a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews as her data collection method. She interviews 10 patients who

have been diagnosed with diabetes for at least one year. She then transcribes and analyzes the interviews using thematic analysis. What type of qualitative research design is she using? a) Phenomenology b) Ethnography c) Grounded theory d) Descriptive* Rationale: Descriptive qualitative research is a type of design that aims to provide a comprehensive summary of a phenomenon or experience, without developing or testing a theory or framework. It often uses thematic analysis as a method of data analysis.

7. A nurse is evaluating a new screening tool for detecting cognitive impairment in older adults. She administers the tool to 100 older adults who have been referred to a memory clinic. She also administers a gold standard diagnostic test to confirm or rule out cognitive impairment in these patients. She then compares the results of the two tests to determine the accuracy of the screening tool. Which of the following measures can she use to calculate the accuracy? a) Sensitivity and specificity* b) Positive and negative predictive values c) Odds ratio and relative risk d) Mean and standard deviation Rationale: Sensitivity and specificity are measures of the accuracy of a screening or diagnostic test. Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives that are correctly identified by

her answer this question? a) Cost-benefit analysis b) Cost-effectiveness analysis* c) Cost-utility analysis d) Cost-minimization analysis Rationale: Cost-effectiveness analysis is a type of economic evaluation that compares the costs and outcomes of two or more interventions or alternatives. It measures outcomes in natural units, such as life years gained, cases prevented, or quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

10. A nurse is writing a research proposal on the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on blood pressure and psychological well-being in patients with hypertension. She wants to use a quasi-experimental design to test her hypothesis that MBSR will lower blood pressure and improve psychological well-being compared to usual care. What is the main limitation of using a quasi- experimental design for this study? a) Lack of randomization* b) Lack of blinding c) Lack of control group d) Lack of generalizability Rationale: Quasi-experimental designs are designs that involve manipulating an independent variable, but without random assignment of participants to groups or conditions. The main limitation of using a quasi-experimental design is that it increases the risk of confounding factors or selection bias, as the groups may not be comparable at baseline.

11. A nurse is conducting a survey on patient satisfaction with care in her hospital. She uses a stratified random sampling technique to select a representative sample of patients from different wards, age groups, and genders. She then distributes a self-administered questionnaire to the selected patients and collects their responses. What type of data collection method is she using? a) Cross-sectional* b) Longitudinal c) Retrospective d) Prospective Rationale: Cross-sectional data collection method is a method that involves collecting data from a population or a sample at one point in time, without following them over time. It can be used to measure prevalence, attitudes, opinions, or behaviors at a given time.
12. A nurse is analyzing the data from her qualitative study on the experiences of family caregivers of patients with dementia. She uses NVivo software to help her organize and code her data. She then identifies themes and patterns in her data and writes a narrative report of her findings. What type of data analysis method is she using? a) Content analysis b) Narrative analysis c) Discourse analysis d) Thematic analysis* Rationale: Thematic analysis is a method of qualitative data analysis that involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting themes or patterns within data. It can be used to describe

representation of central tendency. When translating research evidence into clinical practice, which step is essential to ensure successful implementation? a) Disregarding patient preferences b) Focusing solely on statistical significance c) Engaging stakeholders in the process d) Relying on outdated guidelines Answer: c) Engaging stakeholders in the process Rationale: Involving stakeholders, including patients, in the translation process promotes buy-in and increases the likelihood of successful implementation. What is the primary purpose of a systematic review in the context of evidence-based practice? a) To generate new hypotheses b) To synthesize and appraise existing evidence c) To recruit participants for clinical trials d) To promote a specific treatment approach Answer: b) To synthesize and appraise existing evidence Rationale: Systematic reviews aim to provide a comprehensive summary of existing evidence on a particular topic, helping clinicians make informed decisions.

When evaluating the generalizability of a research study, which factor should be considered? a) The number of statistical tests conducted b) The study's sample size c) The geographic location of the study d) The statistical power of the study Answer: c) The geographic location of the study Rationale: The geographic location can impact the generalizability of findings, as cultural and environmental factors may influence applicability to other populations. In the context of health research, what does the term "p- value" indicate? a) The clinical significance of study findings b) The probability of obtaining results by chance c) The sample size required for statistical power d) The strength of correlation between variables Answer: b) The probability of obtaining results by chance Rationale: The p-value helps assess the likelihood that the observed results occurred by random chance, guiding the interpretation of statistical significance. Which type of study design is most appropriate for investigating the relationship between an exposure and an outcome over time?

Answer: b) Protecting participants' confidentiality Rationale: Respecting participants' privacy and confidentiality is fundamental in research dissemination to uphold ethical standards. What is the primary purpose of a scoping review in the context of research synthesis? a) To identify research gaps and future research directions b) To provide a quantitative summary of study findings c) To recruit participants for clinical trials d) To promote a specific treatment approach Answer: a) To identify research gaps and future research directions Rationale: Scoping reviews aim to map the existing literature, identifying gaps and informing future research agendas. When translating research evidence into practice, which approach emphasizes the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best available evidence? a) Evidence-based practice b) Dogmatic approach c) Anecdotal practice d) Exclusive reliance on expert opinion

Answer: a) Evidence-based practice Rationale: Evidence-based practice involves integrating clinical expertise, patient preferences, and the best available evidence to inform clinical decision-making. In the context of research translation, what does the term "implementation science" refer to? a) The process of disseminating research findings to the public b) The study of factors influencing the uptake of evidence-based interventions c) The exclusion of qualitative research from clinical guidelines d) The promotion of traditional healing practices Answer: b) The study of factors influencing the uptake of evidence-based interventions Rationale: Implementation science focuses on understanding and addressing the factors that impact the adoption and integration of evidence-based interventions into real-world settings. Which type of bias occurs when participants who are lost to follow-up in a longitudinal study differ systematically from those who remain in the study? a) Selection bias b) Recall bias c) Attrition bias

c) Research design d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above Rationale: When evaluating the reliability of a research study, it is important to consider various factors such as sample size, data collection methods, and research design. These elements influence the credibility and validity of the study's outcomes.

2. Which of the following is a key step in evaluating the internal validity of a research study? a) Determining the study's generalizability b) Assessing the study's statistical significance c) Examining the study's methodology d) Analyzing the study's ethical considerations Answer: c) Examining the study's methodology Rationale: Evaluating the internal validity of a research study involves a close examination of its methodology, ensuring that factors such as sample selection, data collection, and analysis techniques are conducted appropriately and logically.
3. When translating health research findings into practice, which of the following concepts is crucial to consider? a) Cultural appropriateness b) Cost-effectiveness

c) Ethical implications d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above Rationale: Translating health research findings into practice requires considering various factors, including cultural appropriateness, cost-effectiveness, and ethical implications. These considerations ensure that the research outcomes are relevant and applicable to the target population.

4. Which of the following frameworks assists in translating evidence-based research into clinical practice? a) PICO b) PRISMA c) PDSA d) GRADE Answer: c) PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) Rationale: The PDSA framework provides a systematic approach to implementing and evaluating changes in healthcare based on evidence-based research. It involves planning, implementing, studying the outcomes, and acting accordingly to improve healthcare practices.
5. What is the purpose of conducting a systematic review in the evaluation of health research? a) To summarize and critically appraise existing evidence

a) To ensure the accuracy and quality of the research study b) To regulate the cost of publishing research articles c) To promote competition between researchers d) To guarantee a high impact factor for the journal Answer: a) To ensure the accuracy and quality of the research study Rationale: Peer review is a critical process where experts in the field evaluate the quality and accuracy of research studies before publication. It helps to maintain the scientific integrity and validity of the research.

8. Which statistical measure quantifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables in health research? a) P-value b) Odds ratio c) Confidence interval d) Correlation coefficient Answer: d) Correlation coefficient Rationale: The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It ranges from - 1 to +1, where - 1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, and 0 indicates no correlation.
9. Which type of research design is commonly used to

assess the impact of healthcare interventions? a) Randomized controlled trial (RCT) b) Case-control study c) Cross-sectional study d) Qualitative study Answer: a) Randomized controlled trial (RCT) Rationale: Randomized controlled trials are commonly used research designs to assess the impact of healthcare interventions. Participants are randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group to determine the effectiveness of the intervention under investigation.

10. When evaluating the external validity of a research study, what aspect is being assessed? a) Whether the study's results can be generalized to other populations or settings b) The accuracy and consistency of data collection methods c) The suitability of the research design for the study question d) The adherence to ethical considerations in the study Answer: a) Whether the study's results can be generalized to other populations or settings Rationale: External validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings. It examines the applicability and relevance of the study's outcomes beyond the sample