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Rotation: Kinematics
Rotation refers to the turning of an object about a fixed axis and is very commonly encountered in day to day life. The motion of a fan, the turning of a door knob and the opening of a bottle cap are a few examples of rotation. Rotation is also commonly observed as a component of more complex motions that result as a combination of both rotation and translation. The motion of a wheel of a moving bicycle, the motion of a blade of a moving helicopter and the motion of a curveball are a few examples of combined rotation and translation. This module focuses on the kinematics of pure rotation.
This module begins by defining the angular variables and then proceeds to describe the relation between these variables and the variables of linear motion.
Angular Variables
Angular Position
Consider an object rotating about a fixed axis. Let us define a coordinate system such that the axis of rotation passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the x- and y- axes. Fig. 1 shows a view of the x-y plane. If a reference line is drawn through the origin and a fixed point in the object, the angle between this line and a fixed direction is used to define the angular position of the object. In Fig. 1, the angular position is measured from the positive x-direction.
Fig. 1: Rotating object - Angular position.
Also, from geometry, the angular position can be written as the ratio of the length of the path traveled by any point on the reference line measured from the fixed direction to the radius of the path,
...Eq. (1)
Angular Displacement
The angular displacement of an object is defined as the change in angular position of the object. If the angular position changes from to , the angular displacement is
... Eq. (3)
The instantaneous angular velocity , which is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of the angular position with respect to time, can then be written as the limit of the average velocity as approaches 0,
... Eq. (4)
Angular Acceleration
If the angular velocity of the object changes from at time to at time , the average angular acceleration is defined as
... Eq. (5)
The instantaneous angular acceleration , which is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of the angular acceleration with respect to time, can then be written as the limit of the average acceleration as approaches 0,
... Eq. (6)
Angular Acceleration and Angular Velocity as Vectors
Mathematically, both angular velocity and angular acceleration behave as vectors. The "right-hand rule" is used to find the direction of these quantities. For the direction of the
angular velocity , curl your hand around the axis of rotation such that your fingers point in the direction of rotation. Your extended thumb will then point in the direction of the vector.
In more mathematical terms, the angular velocity unit vector can be written as the cross product of the position vector of the particle or any point on the object and its instantaneous velocity.
... Eq. (7)
Similarly, the angular acceleration unit vector can be written as the cross product of the position vector of the particle or any point on the object and its instantaneous acceleration
... Eq. (8)
The Relation Between Linear and Angular Variables
If a particle or a point in an object rotating at a constant distance from the axis of rotation rotates through an angle , as shown in Fig. 1, the distance traveled is
... Eq. (9)
Differentiating both sides of Eq. (9) with respect to time, gives
... Eq. (10)
... Eq. (15)
And the following equation is the relation between linear and angular acceleration in vector form.
... Eq. (16)
Example 1: Rotating Disk
Problem Statement: A compact disk is spinning about its central axis. The angular position of a point on the disk as a function of time is given by,
where, is measured in seconds and is measured in radians. The distance of this point to the axis of rotation is 0.02 m. a) What is the angular displacement and distance traveled at seconds? How many complete rotations has the disk completed? b) What is the angular velocity and angular acceleration at seconds?
Analytical Solution
Data: [ra d] [m]
Solution:
Part a) Determining the angular displacement at 3 seconds.
The angular displacement at 3 seconds is
Using Eq. (9), the distance traveled is
Therefore, after 3 seconds, the point on the disk has an angular displacement of 3. rad and travels 0.068 m. Since this angle is in radians, dividing it by Pi gives the number of rotations,
= at 5 digits^ 1.
Therefore, at 3 seconds, the point on the disk has completed only 1 full rotation.
AngularAngular positionposition plotplot
Part b) Determining the angular velocity and angular acceleration at 3
seconds.
a speed of 200 km/h. The speed of the car is reducing at a rate of 5 m/s^2. a) What is the angular displacement of the car after 2 seconds? b) What is the magnitude of the angular velocity and speed of the car after 2 seconds? c) What is the magnitude of the total acceleration of the car at the start of the turn?
Analytical Solution
Data:
= (Convertingthe units to m/s)
[m] [m/s^2 ]
Solution:
Part a) Determining the angular displacement of the car after 2 seconds.
Eq. (16) can be used to find the angular displacement. First, the initial angular velocity and the angular acceleration need to be calculated.
=^59 at 5 digits
and
=
The angular displacement is
=
Therefore, after 2 seconds, the car has an angular displacement of 1.01 rad.
Part b) Determining the angular velocity of the car after 2 seconds.
The angular velocity of the car can be calculated using Eq. (15).
=
The speed is
=
Therefore, after 2 seconds, the angular velocity of the car is 0.46 rad/s and the speed of the car is 45.56 m/s^2. The following plot shows the speed of the car (in km/h) vs. time.
SpeedSpeed (in(in km/h)km/h) vs.vs. TimeTime
Part c) Determining the magnitude of the total acceleration of the car at the
start of the turn.
The total acceleration of the car is a combination of the tangential acceleration and the centripetal acceleration. The tangential acceleration is the rate of change of the speed of the car and is given in the problem. The centripetal acceleration can be calculated using the speed of the car at the turn which is. Using Eq. (14), the
centripetal calculation is
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Step 2 : Connect the components
Connect the components as shown in the following diagram (the dashed boxes are not part of the model, they have been drawn on top to help make it clear what the
different components are for).
Fig 3: Component diagram
It is also possible to replace the spherical geometry with a CAD model using the STL format for a more attractive visualization.
Step 3 : Create parameters
Add a parameter block using the Add a parameter block icon ( ) in the workspace
toolbar and then double click the icon, once it is placed in the workspace. Create parameters for the tangential acceleration , turn radius and initial speed (as shown in Fig. 4).
Fig. 4: Parameter Block Settings
Step 4 : Adjust the parameters
Return to the main diagram ( > ) and, with a single click on the
Parameters icon, enter the following parameters (see Fig. 5) in the inspector pane.
2.2. Click Run Simulation ( ).
The following image shows the 3-D view of the simulation.
Fig. 6: A 3-D view of the race car simulation.
The following video shows the 3-D visualization of the simulation with a CAD model of a car.
Video Player
Video 1: A 3-D view of the race car simulation with a CAD model attached
Reference: Halliday et al. "Fundamentals of Physics", 7th Edition. 111 River Street, NJ, 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
