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- Virginia State Capitol
- The Egyptian Building, Richmond
- Brighton Pavilion
- Fonthill Abbey
- Cenotaph for Newton Buildings you should be able to identify by name, location, architect, date:
- Romanticism
- Sublime Terms you should be able to define:
- What consequences can political revolutions have for architecture? What connections can be drawn between scientific inquiry (observing, collecting, cataloguing) and architecture in the 18th and early 19th centuries?
Questions to consider as you tie this lecture to the readings and future lectures: Pasted from <https://courses.utexas.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_139259_1&content_id=_3360736_1 >
- Political Revolutions
- Knowledge Revolutions
- Architectural Responses Themes: ○ Declaration of Independence
- American Revolution ○ Declaration of the Rights of Man
- French Revolution
- Latin American Revolutions (Haiti & Brazil)
- July Revolution (France) ○ Immigrants brought their architecture and technology to America
- European Revolutions (French middle class, German states, Italian states, & Hungary) Political Revolutions: Napolean Bonaparte- helped unite Great Britain and the German states ○ Natural History ○ Travel to ancient Greece and Rome (Stuart and Revett) Brought artists and historians Inspired designs ○ Napoleon's invasion of Egypt ○ Cook's Expeditions
- History/Exploration ○ Carolus Linnaeus' Sistemae Naturae ○ J-N-L Durand's Précis of the Lectures on Architecture
- Science ○ Industrial Revolution
- Technology Knowledge Revolutions: ○^ Cultural movement ○ Exploration of passions/desires ○ Exotic fascinations
- Romanticism ○ Order/balance/rationality ○^ Bramante & Bernini The Louvre (Paris) ○ Examples:
- Hegemony of Classicism Architectural Responses:
Overview: 18th Century - 1848
Tuesday, August 31, 2010
The Louvre (Paris) St. Petersburg (Russia) US Capitol Building ○ Architecture inspired by archaeology ○ Escapes of place and/or time ○ "The Sublime"
○ Turned streams into canals in order to further develop the city
- St. Petersburg Canal ○ Carlo Rossi; 1819- 29
- Palace Square Buildings: Washington D.C.: Pierre-Charles L'Enfant; 1791 Inspired by Versailles, France Radial avenues link major landmarks and are in filled with a grid French formal garden inspiration- symmetry, hierarchy, & geometry; "art improving on nature" Dominant axis with secondary cross-axes and rectangular areas/units (coordinates of organization) Times Square District, Manhattan, New York City 1771 - Streets organized with respect to the port; not a unified system
- grid system we know today
- Ignored uneven landscape and streams
- Pragmatic/practical/not grand 1811 - "The Commissioner's Plan" Stowe, Buckinghamshire: 17th and 18th centuries- planned aesthetic of large open land 1710s-20s- Charles Bridgeman & John Vanbrugh 1730s- William Kent & James Gibbs 1740s- Capability Brown
- Framed views
- Populated landscape The Picturesque: ○ John Vanbrugh; 1720s
- The Rotunda Buildings: Claude Lorrain and the "Claude Glass"
- French formal garden
- English picturesque garden Visions of Idealized Landscapes: Large estates and city plans
- Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux Central Park:
"Polite Society"- no formal reinforcement/organization; membership based on invitation/dress/manners/living/etc.
- Landscape Queues- spatial and social significance Social History and how it establishes architecture...
- Free time and money creates society
- The business of leisure/entertainment
- The act of shopping
- Middle-class fosters architecture How does social etiquette become architecture?
- Shopping Galleries
- Parade/Avenue
- Restarauntuer
- Coffee house
- Etc. Creation of Terms: Obsession with the exotic/rare/extravagant
- Competition
- Trend/fashion/taste Merchandising becomes an industry
- Social assembly/discussion
- Scientific/intellectual ideas ○ Revolutions ○ Threatened government (spies & propaganda) ○ Newspapers
- Political discussions: Coffee Houses: How is the country brought into the urban fabric? How do we take this for granted? How will the internet affect social architecture?
- Re-creation of the past (neo-modernism?) ○ Material industries ○ Urban living/economy of space (nothing new)
- Green movement (1920s) What industries are producing new building types today?
"The Uses of Pleasure"
Thursday, September 02, 2010
○ Bank of England (London) Transformed 3 townhouses Space/light/color creates an intense experience ○ Soane House and Museum ○ 1812 - 1852 ○ Christian architectural expression ○ Gothic Convenience, construction, propriety Only essential ornament ○ The Three Principles of Pointed Architecture (1841) ○ Architecture needs to stir emotions Nottingham; 1841- 44 Light/color/structural systems work together ○ St. Barnabas Cathedral Inspired by Richard Upjohn's Trinity Church (NYC; 1846) and Theodore Giraud's St. Mary's Cathedral (Galveston; 1847)
- Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ○ Wiltshire, England; James Wyatt; 1795- 1813
- Fonthill Abbey ○ Brighton, England; John Nash; 1818- 1823
- Royal Pavilion Buildings:
Both are Roman Catholic churches built to give thanks. They differ by local building traditions and aesthetics.
- Interiorized Space
- The Picturesque, beauty, and the Sublime
- Mirrors
- "Curiosity Box;" history Themes:
- History/meaning
- Capturing specific views
- Distorted way of using chic popular object (convex mirror) ○ View of himself in history ○ Introspection ○ Markers of morality ○ "reflect and improve reality"
- Creation of an internalized world ○ Similarity to Japanese gardens
- Movement/progression/capturing moments Mirrors:
- Value of "pastness"
- Staging/impressing
- Catalogue Fragments:
- Romantic approach to neo-classicism
- "recollection and re-collection"
- Color/light/shadow
- Puts you in the picture/space
- Dematerialization Sense and Sensibility:
- Monument to Newton
- Fantasy/strangeness/beauty/feeling
- Spatial/design manipulation
- Subjective experience of awe
- Infinite vs. minute
- Investigation/thought The Sublime:
"The Specular Spectacle..."
Thursday, September 09, 2010
Term to know Avant garde Study guide As you examine the architecture of this era -- ca. 1848 - ca. 1918 -- devote attention to underlying social themes: nationalism, industrialization, and consumerism, and consider the ideas and modes of thought upon which they were based. Pasted from <https://courses.utexas.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=139259_1&content_id= 3363712_1>
- "March Revolution" of 1848 in Berlin
- American Civil War/Expansionism
- World War I National Unification of Germany (1871), and Italy (1870); Dismantling of Austro-Hungarian Empire (1918)
- Spanish-American War (1898) ○ Suez Canal ○ Panama Canal
- Movement/Transportation (military)
- THE ISSUE: expression of national identity! Politics:
- Factories
- Locomotive/railroad
- Model T (1908-1927)
- Wright Brothers' Flyer (1903)
- Regulation of time ○ Paris (1850s-70s) ○ New York City
- Urban renewal
- Communication
- CHANGED: how people live, move, work, and think Industrialization:
- First World's Fair (London, 1851)
- Emergence of department stores
- Arts & Crafts movement ("push-back") Consumerism: ○ Origin of the Species (1859) ○ Positivism- adherence to the Scientific Method ○ Concepts of evolution and natural selection ○ Analogy to cultural changes, such as architectural types/styles ○ Observation of natural laws (engineering)
- Charles Darwin (biology) ○ Das Kapital (1861) ○ History in terms of modes of labor and production (class) ○ Alienation from capitalism ○ Class issues --> constructed culture --> Who's culture is it?? Offsetting commodity fetishism
- Karl Marx (political/economy) Five Pragmatic Thinkers:
Overview: 1848- 1918
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
- London: Houses of Parliament, Barry and Pugin, 1836- 60
- Mumbai: University Convocation Hall, G. G. Scott, 1869- 74
- Aimere, India: Mayo College, Mant, 1875
- Mumbai: Bombay & Baroda Central Railway administrative offices, Stevens, 1893
- New Delhi: master development plan, Lutyens and Baker, 1912- 31 -^ New Delhi: Viceroy's Palace (now Rashtrapati Bhavan), Lutyens, 1911-^31
- Washington, D.C.: United States Capitol, initial design Thornton, 1792; dome and extensions, Walter, 1850- 63
- Pittsburgh: Allegheny Courthouse and Jail, Richardson, 1886- 88 Buildings and sites to know
- Indo-Saracenic style
- Richardsonian Romanesque style Terms to know Pasted from <https://courses.utexas.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_139259_1&content_id=_3363723_1 > Politics: Foundation Thinkers of Modernity: John Ruskin Eugène-Emmanuel Violet-le-Duc Social commentator Practicing architect (broad fields) Socialist (against capitalism) Populist writer Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice (1853) Illustrations of Medieval Architecture Skilled draftsman Skilled draftsman "push-back" advocate Pioneer of historic preservation Inspiration of the principles of craftsmanship (human hand and mind) Goal of understanding the enduring principles of the past and applying them to new technologies Architecture of values Believed in progress All Saints' Church (Margaret Street; William Butterfield; 1859) Medieval Architecture reflects the important values Notion of honesty Independence is a good thing What does architecure say about the people who made it? Can architecture shape behavior and national character? ○ London; Charles Barry (design) & A.W.N. Pugin (interiors); 1836- 60 Classical rules of organization (symmetrical interior) with gothic overall image and picturesque composition/effect
Contained by ideas of regularity Medieval decorative motifs (replication of craft) ○ Old Values: Unreinforced concrete stabilized the embankment and created a foundation raft Cast & wrought iron structural members support the roof with iron panels and dormers Mechanized ventilation system ○ New Technology:
- Houses of Parliament England:
Expressions of National Identity:
Thursday, September 16, 2010
Mechanized ventilation system Politicians liked the image Pugin doubted its meaningfulness Ruskin saw falshood ○ Mixed reviews ○ London; George Street; 1874- 82 ○ Gothic expression ○ About an image but represented modern judicial system
- Royal Law Courts
- 1857 - Government abolished the East India Company and took over direct rule/control
- 1877 - Victoria declared Empress of India
- 1947 - India becomes independent British India: ○ Mumbai (Bombay); G.G. Scott; 1869- 74 ○ Medieval church form (Gothic)
- University Convocation Hall ○ Ajmere; Charles Mant; 1875 ○ Example of "Indo-saracenic" style inspired by Mughal architecture ○ Idea of assimilation English and Indian building styles/techniques
- Mayo College ○ Mumbai; 1880s
- Municipal Corporation Building & Victoria Terminus ○ Mumbai; William Stevens; 1893 ○ New building type ○ Incorporated features of many places and cultures Assert English power Integrate Indian culture/respond to climate Make use of new technologies ○ Complex interplay of ambitions
- Bombay-Baroda and Central India Railway Administrative Offices Great axis with "Hot Spots" and radial streets ○ General Plan by Erwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker (1912) 1911 - 31 Classical vs. Assimilist Began to admire accomplishments of Mughal architecture European layout, Indian detailing Seamlessly-integrated design language ○ Viceroy's House & Secretariat Buildings
- New Delhi Buildings: ○ 1750s ○ Continuity of form; changes of meaning (from Russian imperial church, Roman temple, English church, etc.)
- Washington D.C. & US Capitol Building ○ Elijah Meyers
- Texas State Capitol ○ Romanesque architecture's power and spirit translated to the US Boston; 1872- 77 ○ Trinity Church Chicago; 1885- 87 ○ Marshall Fields Warehouse
- Henry Hobson Richardson (1836-86) United States:
○ ...are evil!
- Structural
- Surface
- Operative
- Deceits
- "Honest Architecture
- Historical laws/traditions/morality/authority of architectural convention
- Art critic, not an architect Ruskin:
- Adaptation of old forms to new ideas/technologies
- Looking forward to the new styles of the future
- Practicing architect
- "Importance of Method" If you respond to your program and adhere to modern building processes, the result will be beautiful
- Critique of others: stuck in the past, not representing the time
- Ideas/creativity/investigations are essential
- Logic/reason/geometry create harmony
- Historic mimicry is not progress ○ To the time ○ To the purpose
- Architecture should be relevant... Viollet:
- Potential of clarity
- Stone piers and glass (no real walls) --> steel frame and glass curtain walls
- Viollet --> Mies van der Rohe Gothic Style:
"The Lamp of Truth" and "Lecture X"
Thursday, September 16, 2010
- Kyoto: National (Imperial) Museum, Tokuma Katayama, 1892- 95
- Tokyo: Imperial Hotel, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1913- 1923 Buildings and sites to know:
- What were implications for architecture of the Meiji government's approach to modernization?
- Contrast Meiji Japan's interest in the West with the interests of Western Japonisme. Study notes: Pasted from <https://courses.utexas.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=139259_1&content_id= 3400106_1>
- 1867 - 1912 ○ Technology transfer ○ Trade (but not dependent) ○ Building idea exchange
- Japan's relationship with Europe Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)
- Controlled by master builders and traditions
- Light-weight timber frames
- British introduced administrative building types which were somewhat adapted to the climate Architecture: ○ Served Europeans vs. Japanese ○ "show" places ○ Demonstrated ability to operate like a western city
- Built in zones ○ Places where foreigners were able to settle ○ Local builders were taught British picturesque style ○ Applied European images to traditional Japanese construction
- Civilization/Comfort for Europeans Cities:
- European-trained
- Displaced master builders
- Design organization
- Part of modernization process The Rise of Architects:
- Lingering traditions
- Interest in history/continuity
- Reinforcement of Japanese values
- Connected historically to powerful government to reinforce the Empire
- Systematic efforts to restore were influenced by Europeans
- Re-instituted the importance of the master builder The Introduction of Historic Preservation:
- Grafted old traditions into new building types
- Deliberate connection between past and present
- Clear statement of Japanese nationalism
- Master carpenters began working with new materials (reinforced concrete) and incorporating The Shrine and Temple Style (Shajiyo):
Meiji Japan and Japonisme
Tuesday, September 21, 2010
- Paris: Palais Garnier (Opera House), Charles Garnier, 1861- 75
- Chicago: Auditorium, Adler and Sullivan, 1886- 90 Buildings to know: The scope of the transformations of Paris under the administration of Napoleon III and Baron Haussmann.
- Social consequences of the transformation of Paris
- The scope of the Ringstrasse expansion of Vienna Characteristics of urban growth in Chicago in the second half of the nineteenth century. Consider aesthetic and pragmatic issues.
- Ideals of the City Beautiful Movement
- Characteristics of Olmsted's planned suburb of Riverside, IL
- Principles of Howard's garden cities Be able to discuss: Pasted from <https://courses.utexas.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=139259_1&content_id= 3400109_1>
- Authority
- Classical monumentality
- Capitalistic speculation
- Gridded abstraction What models for urbanism emerge?
- Space, fresh air, sanitation, health ○ Evolution of the "model" tenement building ○ Social concerns ○ Decreasing importance of the yard ○ Air shafts, windows in every room
- What are the minimal requirements of adequate living? What social/political/aesthetic concerns motivate urban interventions?
- Poor immigrants
- Unaware of health risks ○ Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives (social photojournalism)
- Development of flash photography: Who lives here?
- Mobility & communications
- Water & waste
- Series of networks and systems Infrastructure:
- Focus on the "bustle of daily life"
- Light, new society, leisure
- Social and architectural change Art: ○ New residential building types Similar to row houses; share back wall
- "back-to-back" houses Manchester:
The Industrial City:
Thursday, September 23, 2010
○ Similar to row houses; share back wall ○ Densely-packed ○ Ventilation and light concerns ○ Response to overpopulation and sanitation issues
- Row houses
- "New" Paris responded to the "new" society; moved away from Medieval designs ○ Machine for political power and military mobility ○ Urban planning rooted in economy and sociology Resulted in objects as negative space Vista views; dramatic spaces ○ Wide, principle streets carved into the city connect monumental sites ○ Formal/monumental
- Napoleon III (ruled 1848-1870) and Baron Haussmann (civic planner) Parc-des-Buttes-Chaumont (Jean-Charles Alphand, 1860) Incorporated Asian gardens English model translated to France ○ Picturesque parts ○ Aqueducts Combined with communication systems ○ Sewer systems (sandstone tunnels)
- Introduction of green space
- Influenced "new" Rome, Washington D.C., and Versailles ○ For the elite ○ Apartments like monuments ○ Standardized formal language
- Housing Blocks: ○ Displaced to shanty-towns at the edge of the city
- What about everyone else? Paris: ○ Paris; Charles Garnier; 1861- 75 ○ Theater showpiece at a social and urban scale; machine for theater ○ Trained in French Academy of Architecture ○ Drew on The Opera, the Louvre, and the Library of St. Mark (Venice) Used as social stage to "see and be seen" Procession upward and inward ○ Important entry sequence Hall of Mirrors (Parisian court made available for the price of a theater ticket) ○ Emulated Parisian baroque interior design ○ Load-bearing masonry construction (modern trend) ○ "The glittering centerpiece of New Paris"
- Palais Garnier (Opera) Buildings:
- Vienna; resulted from the efforts of Austrian emperor, Franz Joseph I; 1857 ○ Axiality/orthogonality/framing
- Based on systems of monumental planning The Ringstrasse
- Founded in 1830 and expanded
- Wooden buildings and muddy streets
- Great Chicago Fire of 1871 Chicago:
