Guidelines for Developing a Waste
Management Plan
DRAFT Version 2
Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board
Gwich’in Land and Water Board
Sahtu Land and Water Board
Wek’èezhìi Land and Water Board
July 9th, 2010
i
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Guidelines for Developing a Waste
Management Plan
DRAFT Version 2
Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board
Gwich’in Land and Water Board
Sahtu Land and Water Board
Wek’èezhìi Land and Water Board
July 9th, 2010
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iii 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Authority......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iiii 1.3 How These Guidelines Were Developed 1.4 Application...............................................................................................................................................................................................................iiiii 1.5 Monitoring and Performance Measurement for this Guideline 1.6 Structure of this Document................................................................................................................................................iiiiv 2.0 2.1 Waste Waste Management Planning Management Hierarchy..................................................................................................................................................................................................iviv 2.1.1 Source Reduction 2.1.2 Reuse.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vv 2.1.3 Recycle/Recovery 2.1.4 Treatment...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vivi 2.2 Logistical Considerations^ 2.1.5 Release to the Receiving Environment.................................................................................................................................................................................viivii 3.0 Developing a Waste Management Plan 3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................................viiiix 3.2 Identification of 3.3 Management of Each Waste Type Waste Types............................................................................................................................................................................................ixx Appendix A^ 3.4 Infrastructure Required for Waste.......................................................................................................................................^ Management...................................................................xix
- Landfarm 2 Solid Waste ................................................................................................................................... Disposal Facility.....................................................................................................xiixi 3 Solid 4 Sump Waste ........................................................................................................................................ Treatment Methods.............................................................................................xiiixiv 5 Tailings Containment Area.......................................................................................................xiv ii
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
This section of the guideline provides a list of common waste terms and their definition. Term Boards (^) Definition Land and Water Boards of the Mackenzie Valley, as mandated by the
CCME^ Mackenzie Valley Resource Management ActCanadian Councils of Ministers for the Environment engineer means a professional engineer registered to practice in the Northwest Territories in accordance with the Engineering and Geoscience Professions
freeboard Act means the vertical distance between water line and the effective water, S.N.W.T. 2006, c. greywater^ containment crest on a dam or dyke’s upstream slopemeans all liquid Waste s from showers, baths, sinks, kitchens and domestic hazardous waste^ washing facilities but does not includea waste which, because of its quantity, concentration, or characteristics, may be^ toilet^ waste s. hazardous to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed landfarm comprises the area and associated engineered infrastructure designed to contain and treat contaminated soils mine water includes runoff from facilities associated with the mining water or Waste pumped or flowing out of any open pit or underground project and all
MVRMA^ mine Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act NWTWA NWT Northwest Territories Water Act Northwest Territories project proponent any development that requires a water licence or land use permitapplicant for water licences and land use permits Receiving Environment The natural environment that, directly or indirectly, receives any deposit or discharge of waste from a project. regulatory agency Land and Water Boards of the Mackenzie Valley MVRMA, the Northwest Territories Water Board, and the Inuvialuit Land, as mandated by the sewage^ Administration.means all toilet waste (black-water) and greywater stakeholders term Aboriginal governments and organizations, communities, landowners, and includes industry, federal agencies, the territorial government, tailings^ other interested partiesmeans material rejected from the mill after the recoverable valuable tailings^ minerals have been extracted containment area^ comprises engineered structures designed to contain^ tailings i
toilet waste means all human excreta and associated products (i.e., black-water), but does not include greywater waste means any garbage, debris or chemical or toxic material to be used, stored, disposed of, or handled on land, (C.39, pg. 998, 1992) and also as
waste rock^ defined in Section 2 of themeans all unprocessed rock materials that are produced as a result of^ Northwest Territories Waters Act^1 waste disposal^ mining operations facilities^ means all facilities designated for the disposal of sewage disposal facility, solid waste disposal facility, and l^ waste , and includes the andfarm
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose The purpose of these guidelines is to outline the expectations of the Boards with respect to waste management for projects requiring land use permits and/or water licences. provide a template for proponents to write a plan and a benchmark for reviewers to evaluate a These guidelines proponent’s plan, thus ensuring that consistent way. waste management plans are submitted and reviewed in a 1.2 Authority The Board’s authority to develop this guideline document is granted under Sections 65, 102, and 106 of the both Section 26.1 of the Mackenzie Valley Land Use Regulations and Section 15 of the NWTWA. MVRMA. The Board’s authority to regulate the management of waste is described in 1.3 How These Guidelines Were Developed This document was developed by the Plan Review Process and Guidelines Working Group, one of the Standard Procedures and Consistency Working Groups established by the Land and Water (^1) “Waste” is defined as: (a) any substance that, if added to water, would degrade or alter or form part of a process of degradation or alteration of the quality of the water to an extent that is detrimental to its use by people or by any animal, fish or plant, or (b) water that contains a substance in such a quantity or concentration, or that has been so treated, processed or changed, by heat or other means, that it would, if added to any other water, degrade or alter or form part of a process of degradation or alteration of the quality of that water to the extent described in paragraph (a), and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, includes (c) any substance or water that, for the purposes of the (d) any substance or class of substances prescribed by regulations made under subparagraph 33(1)(b)(i), Canada Water Act , is deemed to be Waste, (e) water that contains any substance or class of substances in a quantity or concentration that is equal to or greater than a quantity or concentration prescribed in respect of that substance or class of substances by regulations made under subparagraph 33(1)(b)(ii), and (f) water that has been subjected to a treatment, process or change prescribed by regulations made under subparagraph 33(1)(b)(iii). ii
1.6 Structure of this Document The content of this document is as follows: (a) (b) Section 1 provides an introduction;Section 2 discusses waste management planning and outlines the waste management (c) hierarchy;Section 3 outlines a template for a proponent’s Waste Management Plan; and (d) Appendix A provides background information that should be considered by the development of a Waste Management Plan. proponents in
2.0 Waste Management Planning
Regardless of the scope and size of a project, there will always be some degree of waste produced. It is the Board’s responsibility to ensure this waste is managed properly so that the receiving environment is protected. Waste holding, a land use permit and/or water licence, regardless of the management is an activity that is practiced by most proponents project (e.g., mining, oil and gas seeking, or currently production, reduction and substitution; w municipal, exploration,aste collection, handling, separation, and storage; recycling and etc.). Common waste management activities include: reuse; waste transfer and transport; and waste disposal. Waste management plan is a document that outlines the activities and methods of management typically begins with developing a waste management plan. waste management A waste from proponent’s waste management plan is outlined in Section 3 of this document. waste generation to final disposal (i.e., cradle to grave). The information that is required in a
2.1 In accordance with the Guiding Principles of the Board’s Waste Management Hierarchy DRAFT Water & Effluent Quality Management Policy degradation policy, proponents i^ and the Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment’s non- are expected to minimize and, where technically and economically feasible, to prevent pollution from entering the receiving environment. expect proponents to demonstrate how their planning processes have considered the following To this end, the Boards waste is, source prevention/minimization hierarchy reduction as the most preferredii^ and the guiding principle of pollution prevention. That method, followed by reuse, recycle/recovery, treatment, and the least preferred method being disposal as depicted in the following flow chart:
iv
Figure 1: Flow chart of the waste management hierarchy. Summaries of each component of the hierarchy have been provided below to help parties understand the Boards’ perspective on the waste management hierarchy.
2.1.1 Source Reduction Source reduction is the elimination or decrease, to the extent practical, of the volume/mass or toxicity of effective, proactive and potentially cost-reducing method of waste generated by using alternative materials or processes waste management as it reduces the^2. This may be the most amount of (a) Material elimination; waste that has to be managed. This can be accomplished by, but not limited to: (b) (c) Inventory control and management;Material substitution; (d) (e) Process modification; and,Improved housekeeping, maintenance, and/or training.
2.1.2 Reuse 2 than treating them, or cleaning them up after they have been created.” - Canadian Council of the Ministers of the“Minimizing or avoiding the creation of pollutants and waste can be more effective in protecting the environment Environment v
SOURCE REDUCTIONSOURCE REDUCTION
REUSEREUSE
RECYCLE/RECOVERYRECYCLE/RECOVERY
ThermalTREATMENT Chemical Biological Physical
Thermal^ TREATMENT Chemical Biological Physical least preferred DISPOSALDISPOSAL
most preferred
Biological treatment is the process of transforming through a biological process. Landfarming and phytoremediation are examples of biological waste to another form or reducing the toxicity treatment microorganisms. that involve reduction of contaminant concentrations from impacted soil by
Physical treatment is the process of transforming^ Physical waste to another form or reducing the toxicity through a physical process, such as filtration, flotation, gravity separation, adsorption and other techniques. Whereas biological, thermal, and chemical treatments often destroy toxic chemical constituents of waste stream that is easier to manage. For example, the removal of suspended particles in water waste, physical treatment does not. Instead physical treatment typically results in a within a settling pond may result in the release of cleaner decant water. within a settling pond may need to be managed further as a waste product that is generated The sludge remaining within the physical treatment process. 2.1.5 Release to the Receiving Environment In general, a release to the receiving environment is the least favourable option for waste management and is the last resort after source reduction, reuse, recycle/recover, and treatment. Disposal is commonly associated with the final storage location for waste on land. In the case of domestic waste, a landfill may be the final storage location. may be the final storage location for drill cuttings. At a mine site, final storage of In the oil and gas industry, a sump tailings may be in a normally controlled by site-specific effluent quality criteria (EQC) as specified in a water licence. tailings pond or containment area. Discharge of liquid waste by release to the environment is
Generators of landfill may not be an acceptable practice. Community facilities typically are not designed, funded waste outside of a community should note that disposal of waste at a community or operated to manage transfer responsibility for waste waste streams originating from industrial disposal to a third party without prior consent, and must ensure projects. Proponents must not they government) that details the terms and conditions of any transfer of responsibility for waste have an agreement (between the waste generator and the community/territorial disposal. 2.2 Logistical Considerations Effective waste management requires appropriate planning as well as management and operational personnel to execute the plan. The types and amount of to the project and each waste type generated may have a unique way of being managed. waste generated are specific For example, hazardous whereas, domestic waste waste may be disposed of in a landfill. may involve shipping to a licensed facility (off-site) for disposal, How each waste type is managed
vii
depends on various factors, such as: mass generated, site conditions and location, and costs. waste characteristics (i.e., solid, liquid, toxicity, etc.), volume/
These guidelines do not detail all specific aspects of collection, handling and separation, records, etc.) since these will vary from project to project. It is waste management planning (e.g., waste the responsibility of the planning within their waste proponent management plan, and that these activities are completed according to sufficiently detail all components of waste management to industry best-practices. of the jurisdiction of the Boards related to maintenance of Proponents should recognize that there may be requirements outside waste inventories and records. For example, hazardous waste off-site to a location for final disposal through the use of a tracking document, called a waste generators are required to document the movement of hazardous waste Protection Service. manifest, which is administered by the Government of Northwest Territories Environmental Further, hazardous waste must be in transported accordance with the appropriate Regulation). transportAdditional details regarding hazardous authority’s requirements (e.g., waste Transportation management may be found within of Dangerous Good G Proponents uidelines for the General Management of Hazardous Waste in the NWT are encouraged to consider alternative and new technologies iii^ (1998). in their waste management planning.
3.0 Developing a Waste Management Plan
Sections 3.1 – 3.4 outline a template that serves as a starting point for waste management plan to submit as part of their application for a land use permit and/or water proponent’s developing a licence. development and the specific terms and conditions issued by the respective Board. Additional requirements may be necessary depending on the type and scope of
The undertaken by a template for proponent waste management. It is recognized that the type of planning can be scaled toproject undertaken will have unique suit the specific project waste requirement to plan for numerous types and management practices employed. For larger waste types. In contrast, a small exploration camp may have projects like a mine, there may be a less waste waste management is required through the completion of a types and quantity of waste generated. Despite the size of the waste management plan. project, planning for
Due to the complexity of larger specific waste stream may be required. projects such as a mine, a distinct management plan to address a For example, proponents may need to develop a Hazardous Materials Management Plan, a Tailings Management Plan, a W Plan, or a Sewage Treatment Management Plan if the scope of the project requires it. There is noaste Rock Management need to repeat the contents of these specific management plans within a central waste viii
solids Non-Mineral (^) Waste* soils Domestic refuse Bulky metals (cars, equipment) InertPutrescible waste waste ConstructionRubber products – tires and materials Scrap Metal Plastics conveyor beltsSewage Mineral Tailings Waste* Waste rock Drill cuttings
- (^) Select waste types within this category may be hazardous or potentially hazardous. This section of the document should discuss the types of waste a proponent will generate. each type of waste, the following information should be included: For (a) (b) Description of its characteristics;Description of the source of generation; (c) (d) Estimation of the volume/mass to be produced; andPotential environmental effects. 3.3 Management of Each Waste Type For waste types that don’t require a separate management plan, the following information should be included in this section: (a) Description of the activities involved in the management (e.g., handling, storage, processing, generation to disposal; and collection, separation, transportation, treatment, disposal, etc.) from (b) A rationale for the method(s) that will be employed to manage each source reduction, reuse, recycle/recover, treatment, and disposal) and an explanation of waste type (e.g., how the waste management hierarchy (as described in section 2.1) was considered for each waste type. 3.4 Infrastructure Required for Waste For waste types that don’t require a separate management plan, the following information should Management be included in this section. facilities involved in the management of each waste type should include: A description of the related infrastructure or engineered waste (a) Engineering but are not limited to: settlement, slope stability, groundwater seepage and contaminant analysis to demonstrate containment of waste and waters, which may include, (b) transport, and any liner performance;For any infrastructure required for waste management, an engineering design report with any supporting from construction, operation, to closure and decommissioning. engineered drawings that accounts for all life stages of the infrastructure, Where applicable, the x
infrastructure design report is to include details of construction specifications and QA/QC requirements, as well as monitoring requirements for each life stage of the infrastructure; (c) (d) Any studies to support the design and operation of the infrastructure; andAn Operations and Maintenance Plan.
Please note that all infrastructure required for waste management (see Appendix A) should also be discussed in more detail with the project’s Closure and Reclamation and Spill Contingency Plans. Proponents Planningiv (^) (2007), in developing spill contingency plans. should follow Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Guidelines for Spill Contingency
Appendix A
This appendix provides background information on several waste management methods that are commonly used within the Northwest Territories. It also provides examples of the information requirements that proponents can expect to submit (according to the template provided in Sections 3.1-3.4) to a regulatory agency for each type of waste management method.
1. Landfarm Landfarming is a soil bioremediation technique that is common to treat petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil, but has also been used to treat other contaminants. involves the manipulation of soil conditions to promote volatilization and biodegradation of In general, landfarming contaminants in the soil. Manipulation may involve, but is not limited to: (a) Aeration through tilling; (b) (c) Adjusting moisture content (i.e., the addition of water when required);pH adjustment using chemicals; and (d) Soil conditioning, such as the addition of bulking agents to assist in aeration and moisture retention, or chemicals to promote biological activity. The success of contaminant degradation is dependent on numerous factors. include the environmental setting (e.g., average annual temperature), the soil and contaminant Some of these characteristics, and operations (e.g., the level of manipulation). guidance on the location, design, operation, monitoring, sampling and analytical methods, Proponents may elect to seek decommissioning and closure, as well as, record keeping and reporting of a landfarm for xi
responsibility of the disposal; this may include, but is not limited to: characterization, handling, storage, and transport. waste generator to manage hazardous waste from its generation to final Due to site-specific characteristics and the variety of hazardous is common for proponents to complete a hazardous waste management plan as a requirement of wastes produced from a project, it the water licence and land use permit. waste management by referencing the (^) Guideline for the General Management of Hazardous Proponents may elect to seek guidance on hazardous Waste in the NWT Developing a Community (1998)ix , (^) BasedGuideline for Industrial Waste Discharges in the NWT Hazardous Waste Management Plan (2009) xi. (1998)Additionalx, and hazardous Northwest Territories, Environment and Natural Resources website ( waste guidelines for specific types of waste are provided on the Government ofwww.enr.gov.nt.ca) and summarized in the reference section of this guideline. Information Requirements In addition to the general requirements, proponents should expect to provide the following: (a) Details of a volume balance and solid limited to: refuse volume and density, cover material volume and density, material balance waste disposal facility sizing that considers, but not describing storage capacity, and description of type and quantity of material inputs and outputs; (b) Details of leachate management that includes, but not limited to: drainage management, estimation of leachate generated, leachate collection and disposal, leachate sampling and (c) monitoring, and validation of leachate containment;The Operation and Maintenance Plan is to include, but is not limited to, details of: acceptable routine facility inspection, monitoring of annual volume/mass of waste types entering the facility, details of waste types leaving the facility, waste entering and (d) leaving the facility, and facility maintenance;Hazardous waste management plan; and (e) Engineered balance, material characteristics, configuration and final slopes, and contouring so the design of a final cover that includes, but is not limited to, the details of a water cover is both geotechnically stable and minimizes water pooling and erosion. 3 Solid Incineration of Waste Treatment Methods waste may include open burning or use of an incinerator. Proponents may seek guidance on the Suitable for Open Burning waste types suitable for open burning by referencing (1993)xii. If incineration is employed, the incineration device must be Municipal Solid Waste designed and operated to treat the site incinerator meets the requirements of the waste streams. Further, Canada-wide Standards for Dioxins and Furans proponents shall ensure that any on- xiii and the required to provide an Incineration Management Plan and consider Environment Canada’s Canada-wide Standards for Mercury Emissionsxiv. Proponents who use incineration may be
xiii
Technical Document for Batch Waste Incineration incinerator management by referencing Operating and Emission Guideline for Municipal Solid (2009)xv, and may seek additional guidance on Waste Incinerators (1989)xvi. 4 Sump A sump can be either a natural depression or one that is excavated into the ground and used to contain drilling. wasteProponents. Sumps have been used to contain drilling are encouraged to consider other methods to manage drilling waste during exploratory or production waste, such as deep well injection or transport and disposal to an authorized treatment facility. Low permeability soils like clay, or permafrost, may limit the passage of water and therefore effectively contain the waste effectively contain. In soils that do allow the passage of water, the installation of a liner is required to waste. Monitoring during operation and post-closure of a sump is required. Proponents Protocol for the Monitoring of Drilling-Waste Disposal Sumps Inuvialuit Settlement Region, may elect to seek guidance on the principles for sump monitoring by referencing the Northwest Territories (2005)xvii. Chemical components within drilling susceptible to chemical degradation, will have potential to be destroyed over time. waste materials, such as select additives, if biodegradable or Brine-based drilling fluids are common utilized; the sodium and chloride generally do not undergo destruction biologically or chemically. As such, both the drill cuttings and fluid may be necessary to be contained within a sump for long-term storage. use of best management practices. It is common for sumps to be capped with the excavated The management of drilling waste requires the materials after use. Information Requirements In addition to the general requirements, proponents should expect to provide the following: (a) (b) Description ofDetails of a waste waste volume balance and sump sizing; generation volumes and waste types/properties; (c) Details of the local environmental conditions (e.g., local terrain, permafrost, drainage, etc.) at the proposed sump location; (d) (e) Details of the operations from construction, disposal, and closure; andDetails of monitoring of the sump and local environment and an explanation of how environmental monitoring will be linked to any management response. 5 Tailings Containment Area Tailings and waters from the processing facility at a mine are commonly managed by storing this waste area as slurry. In some cases, the in a tailings containment area tailings. Typically, containment area tailings are transported to the also receives other fluid tailings containment waste streams xiv
Management Policy disposal facility. Proponents may seek guidance on effluent wastewater quality by referencing for further information and direction on effluent discharges from a sewage Canada-wide Strategy for the Management of Municipal Wastewater Effluent Guidelines for the Discharge of Treated Municipal Wastewater in the Northwest Territories (2009) xx(1992)^ and xxi maintenance plan by referencing. Proponents may seek guidance on the contents of a sewage disposal facility operations and Guidelines for the Preparation of an Operation and Maintenance Manual for Sewage and Solid Waste Disposal Facilities in the Northwest Territories (1996)xxii. Information Requirements In addition to the general requirements proponents should expect to provide the following: (a) (b) Description ofEngineering design for treatment of the sewage disposal facility that includes, but is not sewage generation volumes and raw wastewater quality; limited to: detail of a volume balance and treatment times; assessment of effluent discharge wastewater quality; assessment of receiving environment impacts from effluent (c) discharge waters; andThe Operation and Maintenance Plan is to include, but is not limited to, sludge management, routine facility inspection, monitoring of annual volume of sewage entering and leaving the facility, sewage monitoring strategy, and facility maintenance.
8 Discharge Discharge is a disposal option for fluid waste streams, and/or effluent from waste facilities. Discharge, especially without prior treatment, is the least preferred of the options outlined in the waste management hierarchy. If discharge of waste is deemed necessary waste management and appropriate, the Board will set limits in the water licence (i.e., effluent quality criteria) on the amounts that can be discharged as well as the location of discharge. Please see the Board’s DRAFT Water & Effluent Quality Management of discharge limits. Policy for further information and direction on the setting
xvi
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
Applicable Government of Northwest Territories, Environment and Natural Resources guidelines (available at http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca): Management of Biomedical Waste (May 2005)Waste Asbestos (April 2004) Contaminated Site Remediation (November 2003)Ambient Air Quality (December 2002) Agriculture Waste (May 1999)Dust Suppression (February 1998, under review) Ozone Depleting Substances (August 2007)Industrial Waste Discharges (April 2004) General Management of Hazardous Waste (February 1998)Waste Lead and Lead Paint (April 2004) Waste Solvents (September 1998)Waste Antifreeze (September 1998) Waste Paint (September 1998)Waste Batteries (September 1998)
Additional Government of Northwest Territories, Environment and Natural Resources guidelines and Municipal and Community Affairs guidance and related documents guidelines (available at http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca Drum Disposal Protocol for Municipal Landfill (Under review)): Guide for Procurement of Environmentally Responsible Products and ServicesBackyard Composting Position Paper on the Burning and Demolition of Buildings and Fire Extinguisher Training xvii