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TEST TWO (review and perfect test without chronology) ● Early Modern Era Part I ● Early Modern Era Part II ● Empire and Exploration ● The Protestant Reformation Part I ● The Protestant Reformation Part II ● The Protestant Reformation Part III ● Counter Reformation and Religious Conflict ● Religious War ● The Thirty Years War ● The Stuart Dynasty & The English Civil War ESSAY : WAS THE VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION INEVITABLE, OR COULD REFORM HAVE OCCURRED WITHOUT THE BLOODSHED? Bloodshed was inevitable because religious control was not about religion itself, but an endless power struggle. Getting people to believe in the same religion under the same religious ruler is a key to controlling the masses. Continue on. DEFINE TERMS: WAR OF THE ROSES York vs lancaster. Fighting over the english throne. Lancaster was in charge at first, then the Yorks, then the Tudors. TREATY OF WINDSOR oldest active diplomatic agreement between portugal and england. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS The pope draws dividing line in the new world between spain and portugal THE CONCORDAT OF BOLOGNA French clergy answers to french king. ENCOMIENDA Natives are supposed to get payed protected and get religious triningin exchange for work, but the spaniards used them as slaves CARAVEL New small ship that is fast and maneuverable and can go long distances from shores. MUNDUS NOVUS New world, coined by amerigo vespuci CIRCUMNAVIGATION Circling around the world. Magellan led the expedition. SIMONY Selling of church offices INDULGENCES The remission of the obligation to perform a work of satisfaction for a sin. DIET OF WORMS Conference of Charles V when he investigates Martin Luther and he is declared an outlaw. JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH
Salvation comes by grace and faith not works and acts THE MARBURG COLLOQUY Meeting that permanently separated luther and zwingli ANABAPTIST Baptism must be a choice. THE MALLEUS MALEFICARUM Guidebook for hunting witches by Kramer and Sprenger. ACT OF SUPREMACY Henry VIII and Elizabeth I are the supreme head on earth of anglican church. CUIUS REGIO EIUS RELIGIO Whose realm, his religion. The germanic ruler of the area chooses the religion for his people. POLITIQUE Ruler chooses peace a prosperity of his people over the religion that his people are ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY MASSACRE widespread massacre of huguenots EDICT OF NANTES guarantees protection of protestation after the war of the three henrys in france. Gives very specific freedoms. THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA Spanish naval fleet that was expected to be amazing but sucked during anglo-spanish war DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS The king is put in power by god and answers only to god GUNPOWDER PLOT Guy fawkes tried to blow up the king and parliament. THE DEFENESTRATION OF PRAGUE The beginning of the 30 years war. Habsburg agents were thrown out a window for violating religious freedom.EDICT OF RESTITUTION Lutherins had to return land they had to catholics in the holy roman empire. THE SACKING OF MAGDEBURG Turn the whole world's opinion on mercenaries sour. THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT If william and anne dont have heirs, then the throne of england will pass to the closest protestant relative which would be the house of hannover SIMPLE SHORT IDS: SULEIMAN “THE MAGNIFICENT” Greatest ottoman emperor (cultural territorial, miliary, political everything) EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN I Married mary of burgundy and established the habsburg power in europe IVAN III “THE GREAT” Gave the russians independence forms the mongols CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Discovered the new world for europe
Main Leader of the catholic mercenary army but he got too go so the emperor assassinated him CARDINAL RICHELIEU The architect of absolutism in france. He was chief minister in france JAMES I OF ENGLAND Officially introduced divine rights of kings. CHARLES I OF ENGLAND the only english king ever executed by the english people OLIVER CROMWELL Head of the new model army in england and the head of the english commonwealth WILLIAM III OF ORANGE He and mary II lead the glorious revolution
QUESADILLAS!!!!!
SHORT IDS: (yes, they are long this time. no, you can't shorten them) THE CONQUISTADORES Hernan Cortes finds the Mexica tribe led by Montezuma. The mexican believed the Spaniards were gods. They gave him gold. Cortez leaves Spaniards there and goes back to Cuba to get supplies and while he is gone, his troops start killing. Cortes conquests them and he destroys the city Tenochtitlan. Quetzalcoatl dies and cortez founds the colony, New Spain, Mexico City Francisco Pizzaro. Takes men to explore for gold and find the Incans. (not really called incas). He meets them and all he is concerned about is gold so he kidnaps Inca Atahualpa and asks for ransom. They give the ransom and kill inca anyway. They hid in the mountains for like 30 years. Hernando de Soto. Looking for gold and killing everyone he met. The most evil conquistador. Tortured people for fun. Buried in the river so the indian would not mutilate his body THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Food: potatoes (europe believed potatoes were aphrodisiacs. german ruler had had a starving soldier guard it so they ate it and spread it around) corn (the primary animal feed of Europe) Tomato squash beans peppers. Drugs: quinine (malaria treatment) opium (pain medicine) cocaine, morphine, hashish/ marijuana. Stimulants: cocoa, coffee (coffee houses everywhere) tobacco (pipe smoking everywhere) sugar (worth more than gold). Gold and silver in South America caused inflation. Price revolution makes money=power instead of land. Raw Material: dyes (indigo) wood (europe is being deforested) pitch (tar to prevent leaks) turpentine (used to clean and strip paint) furs, salt HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND & HIS WIVES Catherine of Aragon was his wife after papal dispensation. (she married Henry's brother, but claimed it was never consummated). Had no sons, only Mary, so Henry broke away from the catholic church to get a dicvorce. Put away in a castle and died of sadness or cancer. Anne Bolyn was married to have a son but she only gave Elizabeth. She has a mingd an she peaks it and he does not liek that so he frames her for incest with her bother and adultury. Jane Seymour births Edward and dies two weeks later due to complications. She was the only one who died a queen. Anne of Cleeves was married for protestant political reasons but she was so
hideous that they lasted maybe a month or two and divorce. They become best friends and she befriends both daughters. His “sister.” Taken care of in England for the rest of his life. Catherine HOward mistress related to Anne Boelyn. Henry had gangrene in leg so it smelled so bad and she was like 16 and he was like 46 so she was actually caught having an affair. Catherine Parr outlived him and went on to marry again. CONTRAST PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC DOCTRINE Protestants emphasize the Bible above all while Catholics love the bible, church traditions, and the pope. Protestants believe in the priesthood of all believers while Catholics think that only the clergy do all the talking to god. Anglicans are hierarchical (they answer to the king). Lutherans are half hierarchical (bishops but no pope). Calvinists are governed by the church by ministers and elders. anabaptists have a congregational democracy. Catholics are very hierarchical. Catholics also believe salvation is received according to chirstian beliefs and good works. For protestants, salvation comes by the lutheran’s justification by faith, and the calvinists’ predestination. The Catholics believe in church over state. Lutherans believe in state over church. Calvinists believe that church/state one thing. Anabaptist believe in separation of church and state. For catholics, the services are very important and so is the traditions. The eucharist (communion) is most important. For protestants, the sermon is most important. Catholics believe that marriage is an indissoluble sacrament and that clergy can NOT marry and must remain celibate. For protestants, marriage is a contract, usually of love and divorces are okey under certain situations. In most denomination , clergy can marry. Catholics believe in all seven sacraments and they think transubstantiation is REAL. Protestants don't believe that not all the sacraments are necessary. Lutherans believe in consubstantiation and calvin/zwingli/ anabaptist think that it WAR OF THE THREE HENRY’S Henry III had been in Poland and came back to rule and Henry of guise had said had to be a puppet because the guises had been ruling and he said no, so the guises built their own army and kicked him out. Henry of Navarre is called to help Henry III be king and Henry of Navarre agrees. Henry III was assassinated so henry of navarre became henry IV, king of france. He is a politique so Paris is well worth a mass and he converts to catholicism. He still supports calvinist. The guises need help so they call on Spain and the catholic church to help them and they call themselves the catholic league. Henry IV calls on Elizabeth to help him. The french catholics could be on either side (is it being catholic or the true king of france and they people decide for henry IV). That last push won the war for Henry IV. The Edict of Nantes guarantees protection for protestants. they can openly worship hold public office, enter university , maintain forts THIRTY YEARS WAR Hapbusg agents go to tell the bohemians at Prague that they are now to be catholic instead of protestant and they respond by defenestrating them. Habsburgs declare war. The battle of White Mountain begins the war. Frederick led the bohemian-palatine troops. The habsburgs are led by Johann von Tilly (commander) and maximilian of Bavaria (politics) Catholics win pretty significantly. England, France, and the Netherlands start to worry but France and England want nothing to do with it so they convince Christian IV of Denmark to step in since he was lutheran. He marches right into the catholic army under Albrect Von Wallenstein and they lose horribly. The edict of restitution outlaws Calvinism and orders the protestants to return to the catholis church every piece of land they had acquired since 1552. Gustavus Adolphus was paid by the
a. True b. False
- The primary rival of the Valois and Bourbon Families was the: a. Capetians b. Stuarts c. Hohenzollerns d. Hapsburgs
- Despite James I’s claims, Impositions were actually a. Bibles b. Taxes c. Ships d. Gold
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, divided his empire between a. Phillip III of Spain and Francis II of Prussia b. Phillip I of Spain and William I of the Netherlands c. Phillip IV of Spain and James IV of Scotland d. Phillip II of Spain and Ferdinand I of Austria
- The first squadron of ships to circumnavigate the globe were originally led by a. Columbus b. Vespucci c. Magellan d. De Gama
- Which of these was NOT a politique? a. Phillip II of Spain b. William of Orange c. Elizabeth I of England d. Henry IV of France
- What nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas? a. England and France b. England and Portugal c. Spain and Portugal d. Spain and France
- The Catholic Counter-Reformation was responsible for: a. The Act of Settlement b. The Peace of Augsburg c. The Council of Trent d. Pragmatic Sanction
- The siege of La Rochelle was directed against what group? a. French Protestants b. English Peasants c. Dutch Fisherman d. Spanish Catholics
- John Tetzel was best known a. For Renaissance Art b. As a Conquistador c. For Selling Indulgences d. As an Agent of the Medici
- The Union of Utrecht is the basis for modern Netherlands. a. True
b. False
- The Ninety-Five Theses were proposed by: a. John Calvin b. Ulrich Zwingli c. John Wycliffe d. Martin Luthe
- England officially separated from the Catholic Church with the a. Pragmatic Sanction b. Test Act c. Act of Supremacy d. Edict of Restitution
- The Marburg Colloquy tried to unite two reformation leaders. a. Calvin and Zwingli b. Luther and Zwingli c. Luther and Knox d. Calvin and Knox
- Anabaptists mean re-baptizer a. True b. False
- The Act of Settlement: a. Ended the “Century of Strife,” and passed the crown to Hannover b. Combined England and Scotland into a single state c. Was an alliance between England and France d. Merged the Anglican and Presbyterian churches
- The Twelve years truce was between England and Spain. a. True b. False
- The first Russian secret police were called the: a. Boyars b. Oprichnik c. Sudebnik d. Streltsy
- The Caravel was developed by: a. Portugal b. Spain c. Venice d. Florence
- Assign a Number from the Timeline to each possible answer
to their demands. he won't. Halter needs money again so he calls parliament and they do not shut down for 20 years. They kill a bunch of people for treason. The Irish rebel. Parliament makes the Grand remonstrance which sees church reform, parliament control of the army and appointments. Charles tries to have them arrested but they name him a traitor instead because they are the ones that the army. Those who support the king are cavaliers and those who support the parliament are roundheads. Parliament allies with scotland. Parliament created a new model army which destroys the cavaliers. It was led by Oliver cromwell. Charles is captured and beheaded for tyranny and treason and Cromwell puts down the rebellions. The leveler and the diggers argue about how the government should be set up and Oliver cromwell is make lord protector of the English Commonwealth William Tyndal: wrote the first english bible Cardinal Richelieu: the chief minister of france and the architect of absolutism Ivan IV Grozny: unifier of russia and first tsar Niccolo Machiavelli: wrote the prince; the ends justify the means Charles I of England: the only english monarch to be beheaded by his people Oliver Cromwell: lord protector of the commonwealth and leader of the new model army Mary Queen of Scott: catholic heir to protestant elizabeth's throne. beheaded for plotting against elizabeth William of Orange / William the Silent: led the danish revolt and founded the netherlands Gustavus Adolphus: greatest general not only in the 3 years war but top generals of all time. Arguably the father of modern warfare Henry of Navarre / Henry IV of France: ended the war of religion in france. True politique. Converted to catholicism for his people St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: widespread massacre of huguenots Divine Right of King: the king is put i power by god and answers only to god The Defenestration of Prague: the bohemians defenestrate hapsburg agents who tried to take away their freedom of religion
Encomienda: natives were supposed to be paid for their work, but they were instead enslaved Indulgences (Bonus +5 word for word, +3 for very close): The remission of the obligation to perform a work of satisfaction for a sin Gunpowder Plot: guy fawkes tried to blow up the king and the entire parliament but was caught red handed The Invincible Armada: spanish fleet that was supposed to destroy the english but instead got destroyed by the english and a storm Cuius regio, eius religio: whose realm, his religion. Local german leaders chose the religion of their land Diet of Worms: charles V named martin luther an outlaw and excommunicated him from the church Edict of Nantes: gives protestants in france very specific liberties such as going to uni, opening schools, holding office, ect Was the violence and conflict of the Protestant Reformation inevitable, or could reform have occurred without the bloodshed?: The violence and conflict of the protestant revolution was quite inevitable. Why? Because at the end of the day, it is not about religion. It is about power and controlling the masses. Take the Habsburg for example: Germany is already extremely fragmented. How are the hapsburgs going to have any leverage over their people if they didn't even believe in the religion that empowered their ruler? He was, after all, the Holy Roman Emperor. But people are smarter than rulers know. And people will always stand up for what they believe in. The ruler will lie and say that is why all his subjects must stay catholic. But if he believed that, then reform could have happened without bloodshed. But that is not the case. Rulers like the pope and the holy roman emperor only hold power because the people and their religion allows it. If people were to convert to another faith that does not have a pope, then where would the pope stand then. So of course there would be bloodshed. There will always be
