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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to electrocardiogram (ecg) interpretation. it covers key concepts such as heart rhythms, intervals, leads, and common pathologies. Ideal for students in healthcare programs needing to master ecg analysis for exams or clinical practice. The questions test understanding of normal ecg patterns, arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia/infarction.
Typology: Exams
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0.04 sec ✔✔Small boxes on grid - horizontal
1mm ✔✔Small boxes on grid- vertical
25mm/sec ✔✔Normal paper speed
U waves ✔✔Normal, large ________ indicate decreased potassium
Sinus rhythm ✔✔-P wave upright and rounded and before every QRS
Somatic tremors ✔✔Can be caused by muscle movement/seizures
Wandering baseline ✔✔This almost always represents the patient's respiration, but can also be caused by movement, dirty leads/electrodes and loose electrodes. An easy way to eliminate this is to move limb leads to wrists and ankles.
60 cycle interference ✔✔Electric interference caused by cell phones/non-grounded appliances/frayed wire making the baseline of the ECG appear wavy, bumpy, or tremulous; Dry electrodes may also cause this problem because of poor contact
lead III ✔✔What Lead is created between left arm and left leg?
Einthoven's triangle ✔✔
Holter monitoring ✔✔Records EKG over 24 hours, using 5 leads; wear loose fitting clothes to reduce artifact, patient presses "event" button if they experience spontaneous symptoms, should carry on normal activities but record exercise, can't get wet, only technician can replace loose leads, tobacco products can be used up to 2 to 3 hours prior to the exam; erectile dysfunction drugs/caffeine products should be avoided for 24 hr. before the test
Heart Blocks ✔✔Impaired or absent conduction between atria and ventricles: includes first degree, second degree, and third degree
First degree (heart block) ✔✔Prolonged PR interval
Second degree (heart block) ✔✔type I:progressive prologation of PR interval unti QRS is "dropped"
type II: some p waves not followed by QRS
Third degree (heart block) ✔✔Complete heart block
-varying PR interval
Pacing ✔✔Thin spike before the chamber it is stimulating
12 lead EKG ✔✔
Posterior EKG ✔✔V7, V8, and V9 - evenly spaced between the axillary line and the vertebral column at 5th intercostal space (V8 is at left midscapular line)
Right sided EKG ✔✔Place chest leads as a mirror image on the torso; used for Dextrocardia, children under 2 yrs., may be used for child 2-8 and for STEMI
V4R ✔✔If right sided EKG, what lead is most sensitive to right ventricular ischemia?
Leads 1, aVL, V5, V6 ✔✔Lateral view of the heart
Lead II, III, and aVF ✔✔Inferior wall (below)
V1, V2 ✔✔Septum (A dividing wall)
V3, V4 ✔✔Anterior Wall (nearer the front)
Pathologic Q waves ✔✔Sign of previous myocardial infarction
Myocardial Ischemia ✔✔ST segment depression and/or T wave inversion; Also favored by covex/concave ST segment
Myocardial injury (infarction) ✔✔ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
50 mm/sec ✔✔A faster paper speed, used to space out EKG waves when the heart rate is very fast (tachycardia)
Standard EKG gain ✔✔10 mm/mV (to decrease the height change gain to 1/2)
Low blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhyrhmias) ✔✔Potential complications that can occur during stress testing include:
60 to 100 BPM ✔✔Normal adult Heart rate (use radial or apical pulse)
12 to 20/min ✔✔Normal adult respiration rate
rectally ✔✔Temperature is measured orally, but for young children, the temperature may be obtained _________.
Evaluation of chest pain in a patient with normal baseline EKG ✔✔Indication for stress testing
No arrhythmias or ST changes ✔✔Negative Holter (negative test+ good test)
Nitroglycerin ✔✔A powerful smooth muscle relaxant effective in relieving angina pectoris; headache is a common side effect.
Beta Blockers ✔✔This medication can reduce heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen consumption making them effective treatment against angina pectoris and hypertension.
Morphine, oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin ✔✔What does MONA stand for? (used for chest pains)
Ectopic rhythms ✔✔Arrhythmia produced by an electrical impulse originating from a site other than the sinus node.
QT interval ✔✔measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the heart's electrical cycle.
Hypokalemia ✔✔T wave flattening is associated with...
Brachial ✔✔The easiest site to obtain the pulse of an infant
