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Anatomy of the respiratory system BASIC
Typology: Lecture notes
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Respiratory system
Oct. 19 2018 Lecture 6
Structures of the Pulmonary System
The primary function of the pulmonary system is to exchange gases between the external environment and the blood.
There are three steps in this process
Respiration can be divided into four areas
(^1) Carried out by the pulmonary system
(^2) Carried out by the cardiovascular system
Basic Anatomy
The pulmonary system includes:
Two lungs (divided into lobes- three in the right, two in the left)
The upper and lower airways
Blood vessels
The diaphragm
Thoracic cage
Mediastinum: Space between the lungs, contains the heart great vessels and esophagus.
Conducting airways called bronchi delivers air to each section of the lung, and is supported by the surrounding lung tissue to prevent collapse or change in conformation when air moves in and out during ventilation.
Diaphragm:Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is involved with ventilation.
A variety of defense mechanisms protect the lungs from external contaminants, they are generally very effective so in a healthy individual, contamination of the lung tissue is rare.
Pulmonary defense mechanisms
Upper respiratory tract mucosa: Maintains temperature and humidification of gas entering the lungs; traps and removes foreign particles, certain bacteria and noxious gas in inspired air.
Nasal hairs and turbinates: Trap and remove foreign particles, certain bacteria and noxious gases in air.
Mucous blanket: Protects the trachea and bronchi from injury, traps most foreign particles and bacteria that reach the lower respiratory tract.
Cilia: Projects mucous blanket and trapped particles toward oropharynx, to be swallowed or expelled.
Irritant receptors in nares (nostrils): Trigger sneeze reflex when stimulated by chemical or mechanical irritants, removal of irritants from nasal passages.
Irritant receptors in trachea and large airways: Trigger cough reflex when stimulated by chemical or mechanical irritants, removes irritants from lower airways.
Alveolar macrophages: Ingest and remove bacteria and other foreign material from alveoli by phagocytosis.
Conducting Airways
Bronchial walls:
Gas-Exchange Airways
The conducting airways terminate in the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli (sing. Alveolus). Together these thin-walled structures are called the 1 acinus , all of which participate in gas exchange.
Alveoli:
Lung Epithelial Cells:
COPD Vicious Cycle
Pulmonary Vascular Diseases- Hypertension
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH)
Cor Pulmonale
Respiratory Tract Infections
Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Extra
Cystic Fibrosis
Pulmonary Embolism
Pediatric Pneumonia
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)