Respiratory SYstem - Anatomy and Physiology LAB - Lecture Slides, Slides of Physiology

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The Respiratory System

Respiratory System

• Consists of the respiratory and conducting

zones

-^

Respiratory zone^ –

Site of gas exchange

Consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, andalveoli

Respiratory System

Figure 22.

Major Functions

-^

To supply the body with oxygen anddispose of carbon dioxide Respiration

• consist in four distinct

processes

1.

Pulmonary ventilation –

moving air

into and out of the lungs

2.

External respiration –

gas exchange

between the lungs and the blood

3.

Transport –

transport of oxygen and

carbon dioxide between the lungs andtissues

4.

Internal respiration –

gas exchange

between systemic blood vessels andtissues

Structure of the Nose

• The nose is divided into two regions

The external nose, including the root, bridge,dorsum nasi, and apex

The internal nasal cavity

• Philtrum – a shallow vertical groove inferior

to the apex

• The external nares (nostrils) are bounded

laterally by the alae

Structure of the Nose

Figure 22.2a

Nasal Cavity

• Lies in and posterior to the external nose• Is divided by a midline nasal septum• Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via

internal nares

• The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the

roof

• The floor is formed by the hard and soft

palates

Nasal Cavity

-^

Vestibule

• nasal cavity superior to the nares

Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse particles frominspired air

-^

Olfactory mucosa -^

Lines the superior nasal cavity

- Contains smell receptors -^

Respiratory mucosa^ –

Lines the balance of the nasal cavity

Glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme anddefensins to help destroy bacteria

Lines the superior nasal cavity

Contains smell receptors

Nasal Cavity

• In the nasal cavity the inspired air is:

Humidified by the high water content in thenasal cavity

Warmed by rich plexuses of capillaries

• Ciliated mucosal cells remove contaminated

mucus

Functions of the Nasal Mucosa

and Conchae

•^

During inhalation the conchae and nasalmucosa:^ –

Filter, heat, and moisten air

-^

During exhalation these structures:^ –

Reclaim heat and moisture

Minimize heat and moisture loss

Pharynx

• Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that

connects to the:–

Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly

Larynx and esophagus inferiorly

• Extends from the base of the skull to the

level of the sixth cervical vertebra

-^

It is divided into three regions: - Nasopharynx –

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Framework of the Larynx

•^

Cartilages

(hyaline) of the larynx

Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroidcartilage with a midline laryngealprominence (Adam’s apple)

Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoidcartilage

Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform,and corniculate cartilages

-^

Epiglottis

• elastic cartilage that covers the

laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Trachea

• Flexible and mobile tube extending from the

larynx into the mediastinum

• Composed of three layers

Mucosa – made up of goblet cells andciliated epithelium

Submucosa – connective tissue deep to themucosa

Adventitia – outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Conducting Zone: Bronchi

•^

The carina

of the last tracheal cartilage

marks the end of the trachea and thebeginning of the right and left bronchi

• Air reaching the bronchi is:

Warm and cleansed of impurities

Saturated with water vapor

• Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi,

each supplying a lobe of the lungs

• Air passages undergo 23 orders of

branching in the lungs