lOMoARcPSD|22014731
Respiratory Patt erns
Normal - correct answers -rate: 10-20 breaths/min
-depth: 500-800 mL
-pattern: even
-ratio of pulse to respirations ~4:1
sigh - correct answers -punctuate the normal breathing pattern
-purposeful to expand alveoli
-if frequent, may indicate emotional dysfunction; may lead to hyperventilation and dizziness
tachypnea - correct answers -rapid, shallow breathing
- >24 breaths/min
-normal response to fever, fear, or exercise
-increases with respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, and lesions in the pons
hyperventilation - correct answers -increase in rate and depth
-normally occurs with extreme exertion, fear, or anxiety
-occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic coma, salicylate overdose (producing a respiratory alkalosis to compensate for
the metabolic acidosis), lesions of the midbrain, and alteration in blood gas concentration (either increase in CO2 or
decrease in O2)
-blows off CO2 causing a decreased level in the blood (alkalosis)
Kussmaul respirations - correct answers -diabetic ketoacidosis
-causes hyperventilation
bradypnea - correct answers -slow breathing
- <10 breaths/min
-decreased but regular rate
-drug-induced depression of the respiratory center in the medulla, increased intracranial pressure, and diabetic coma
hypoventilation - correct answers -irregular shallow pattern
-caused by overdose of narcotics or anesthetics
-may also occur with prolonged bed rest or conscious splinting of the chest to avoid respiratory pain
Cheyne-Stokes respiration - correct answers -respirations gradually wax and wane in a *regular* pattern, increasing in
rate and depth then decreasing
-breathing patterns last 30-45 secs, with periods of apnea (20 secs) alternating the cycle
-most common cause is severe heart failure
-other causes: renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure
-occurs normally in infants and aging persons during sleep
Biot's respiration - correct answers -similar to Cheyne-Stokes, except pattern is *irregular*
-series of normal respirations (3-4) followed by period of apnea
-cycle is variable, lasting from 10 seconds to 1 minute
-seen with head trauma, brain abscess, heat stroke, spinal meningitis, and encephalitis
chronic obstructive breathing - correct answers -normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased
airway resistance
-in a person with chronic obstructive lung disease, any situation calling for increased heart rate may lead to dyspneic
episode (air trapping) because then the person does not have enough time for full expiration
