























Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to respiratory and cardiovascular assessment, covering key concepts and clinical scenarios. It is designed to help medical students prepare for exams and clinical practice by reinforcing their understanding of essential assessment techniques and associated pathologies.
Typology: Exams
1 / 31
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is | 3 |- |correct |answer
|✔Resuscitate
What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is |8? |- |correct |answer
|✔Monitor |routine |care
Orthopnea |- |correct |answer |✔Difficult |breathing |except |in |the |upright |position |(CHF)
General |malise |- |correct |answer |✔Run |down |feeling, |nausea, |weakness. |fatigue. |headache |(check |electrolyte |imbalance)
Dyspnea |- |correct |answer |✔A |feeling |of |shortness |of |breath |or |difficulty |breathing
Dysphagia |- |correct |answer |✔Difficulty |swallowing |and |hoarseness |are |common |symptoms
Peripheral |Edema |- |correct |answer |✔Fluid |in |the |arms |and |legs |
Recommend |a |Diuretic |
Pathology: |Presence |of |excessive |fluid |in |the |tissue |as |pitting |edema |caused |by |CHF |and |renal |failure
Ascites |- |correct |answer |✔Accumulation |of |fluid |in |the |abdomen |generally |caused |by |liver |failure.
Pathology: |Abdominal |infection
Clubbing |of |fingers |- |correct |answer |✔Caused |by |chronic |hypoxemia |
Pathology: |Pulmonary |disease |COPD, |CHF
The |thumb |and |first |fingers |are |affected.
Venous |Distention |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |venous |distention, |jugular |distention |(JVD) |temporal |veins |popping |out |
Pathology: |occurs |with |CHF, |seen |during |exhalation |in |patients |with |COPD.
Capillary |refill |- |correct |answer |✔Indication |of |peripheral |circulation |
Pathology: |blanching |the |hand |and |watch |for |color |return |
Color |should |return |within | 3 |seconds
Diaphoresis |- |correct |answer |✔A |state |of |profuse/heavy |sweating, |heart |failure |recommend |diuretics. |positive |inotropic |agents.
Pathology: |fever |infection |(recommend |antibiotics), |anxiety |nervousness |(recommend |sedatives), |tuberculosis/night |sweats |(recommend |antitubular |gram |stain)
Ashen/pallor |- |correct |answer |✔Abnormal |
Condition: |normal |respiratory |rate |for |an |adult |12-20bpm
Tachypnea |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |>20bpm
Condition: |hypoxia, |fever, |pain, |CNS |problem
Bradypnea |- |correct |answer |✔Decreased |respiratory |rate |<12bpm
Condition: |sleep, |drugs, |alcohol, |metabolic |disorder
Cheyne-Stokes |- |correct |answer |✔Gradually |increasing |then |decreasing |rate |and |depth |in |a |cycle |lasting |from |30-180 |secs |with |periods |of |apnea |up |to | 60 |secs. |
Condition: |increased |intracranial |pressures, |brainstem |injury, |drug |overdose
Biot's |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |and |depth |with |irregular |periods |of |apnea |
Condition: |CNS |depression
Kussmaul's |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |(usually | 20 |breaths/min)
Condition: |increased |depth |rhythm, |breathing |sounds |labored |metabolic |acidosis, |renal |failure, |diabetic |ketoacidosis
What |causes |hypertrophy |of |the |accessory |muscles |and |what |type |of |patient
|might |this |be |present |in? |- |correct |answer |✔Increase |in |muscle |size |of |accessory |muscle |occurs |with |COPD
Describe |the |four |neck |pathologies |that |might |complicate |endotracheal
|intubation |- |correct |answer |✔Short |receding |mandible
Enlarged |tongue |
Bull |neck
Limited |range |of |motion
What |is |the |normal |range |for |a |patient's |heart |rate |- |correct |answer |✔60- 100/min
What |term |would |be |used |to |decribe |a |heart |rate |of |160/min? |would |this
|indicate |- |correct |answer |✔Tachycardia, |indicates |hypoxemia, |anxiety, |stress |recommended |oxygen |therapy
What |term |would |be |used |to |describe |a |pule |52/min? |what |would |this |indicate?
|- |correct |answer |✔Bradycardia, |indicates |heart |failure, |shock, |code/emergency |recommend |atropine.
What |does |paradoxical |pulse/pulsus |paradoxus |indicate |- |correct |answer
|✔Pulse/blood |pressure |varies |with |respiration. |May |indicate |severe |air |trapping |(status |asthmaticus, |tension |pneumothorax, |cardiac |tamponade.
Causes |of |tracheal |deviation |Pulled |to |abnormal |side |(toward |pathology) |AIR |-
|correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |atelectasis |
Pulmonary |fibrosis |
Pneumoectomy |
Diaphrgamatic |paralysis
Hyperresonant |- |correct |answer |✔Booming |sound |that |can |be |heard |in |an |area |of |the |lung |where |either |a |pneumothorax |or |emphysema |may |be |present.
EX: |COPD
What |is |egophony |and |what |would |it |indicate |- |correct |answer |✔The |patient |is |instructed |to |say |"E" |and |it |sounds |like |"A"
This |would |indicate |consolidation |of |the |lung |tissue |as |with |pneumonia |like |condition.
What |breath |sounds |would |be |expected |in |a |patient |with |pulmonary |edema |-
|correct |answer |✔Fine |crackles |(moist |crepitant |rales) |alveoli |fluid
Coarse |rales/rhonchi |- |correct |answer |✔Clears |with |a |cough, |large |airway |
Treatment: |suction |patient |or |instruct |to |cough
Medium |rales |- |correct |answer |✔Middle |airway |secretions |
Treatment: |recommend |bronchial |hygiene
Fine |rales/crackles |- |correct |answer |✔Moist |crepitant |rales, |alveoli |fluid |
Treatment: |oxygen, |positive |pressure, |postive |inotropic, |diuretic/
Wheeze |- |correct |answer |✔Most |caused |by |bronchospasm |
Treatment: |recommend |bronchodilator
Stridor |- |correct |answer |✔High |pitched |or |crowing |inspiratory |sound |
Treatment: |caused |by |upper |airway |obstruction
Pleural |Friction |Rub |- |correct |answer |✔A |coarse |granting |raspy |crunching |sound |
Treatment: |recommend |steroids |and |antibiotics
What |effect |would |cardiac |stress |have |on |blood |pressure? |- |correct |answer
|✔Increased |blood |pressure |(hypertension) |indicates |cardiac |stress |hypoxemia
What |effect |would |hypoperfusion |have |on |blood |pressure |- |correct |answer
|✔Decreased |blood |pressure |(hypotension) |indicates |poor |perfusion |hypovolemia, |CHF
Describe |the |normal |appearance |on |a |chest |x-ray |- |correct |answer
|✔Hemidiaphragms- |are |rounded |(dome-shaped)
Trachea- |midline, |bilateral |radioluency, |with |sharp |costophrenic |angles
Clavicles- |head |of |clavicles |should |be |level
Quality |of |radiologic |images |- |correct |answer |✔Exposure/Penetration- |proper |exposure |will |show |the |intervertbal |disc |spaces |through |the |shadow |of |the |mediastinum |
Under/Penetration- |Image |does |not |allow |visualization |of |the |intervertebral |discs |through |the |heart |shadow |
Describe |where |each |of |the |following |should |be |located |when |positioned
|properly |- |correct |answer |✔Chest |tube- |in |the |plerual |space |surrounding |the |lung
Nasogastric |and |feeding |tube- |in |the |stomach |2-5 |cm |below |the |diaphragm.
Pulmonary |artery |catheter- |should |appear |in |the |right |lower |lobes
Pacemaker- |normally |positioned |in |the |right |vertical. |
Central |venous |catheter- |inserted |through |the |subclavian |or |jugular |vein |and |should |rest |in |the |superior |vena |cava |or |right |atrium
Lateral |Neck |X-ray |- |correct |answer |✔Croup- |the |x-ray |of |the |neck |will |reveal |tracheal |narrowing |with |subglottic |swelling |in |a |pattern, |steeple |sign, |picket |fence, |hourglass |sign. |
Epiglottis- |shows |supraglottic |narrowing |with |an |enlarged |and |flattened |epiglottis |and |swollen |epiglottis
What |type |of |radiograph |are |helpful |in |locating |areas |of |air-trapping |- |correct
|answer |✔Inspiratory/Expiratory |radiographs
Radiolucent |- |correct |answer |✔Dark |pattern, |air
Normal |for |lungs
Radiodense.opacity |- |correct |answer |✔White |pattern, |solid, |fluid
Infilitrate |- |correct |answer |✔Any |ill-defined |radiodensity |
Consolidation |- |correct |answer |✔Solid |white |area
Pneumonia/pleural |effusion
Hyperluency |- |correct |answer |✔Extra |pulmonary |air |
COPD, |asthma |attack. |pneumothorax
Vascular |markings |- |correct |answer |✔Lymphatics, |vessels, |lung |tissue
Increased |with |CHF, |absent |with |pneumothorax
Diffuse |- |correct |answer |✔Spread |throughout |
atelectasis/pneumonia
Opaque |- |correct |answer |✔Fluid |solid
consolidation
Pulmonary |Edema |(white) |- |correct |answer |✔Fluffy |infiltrates, |Butterfly |pattern, |batwing |pattern, |kerley |lines
Diffuse |whitness, |infiltrates |in |shape |of |a |butterfly
Tuberculosis |- |correct |answer |✔Cavity |formation, |often |in |upper |lobes |
Treatment: |antitubular |agents
For |what |patholgies |would |a |CT |be |indicated |- |correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |embolus
What |special |type |of |CT |scan |is |indicated |to |diagnose |a |pulmonary |embolus |-
|correct |answer |✔A |spiral |CT |scan, |with |contrast |dye
What |is |indicated |by |normal |ventilation |with |abnormal |perfusion |- |correct
|answer |✔Pulmonary |embolism
What |are |three |indications |for |a |barium |swallow |test? |- |correct |answer
|✔Suspected |esophageal |malignancy
Dysphagia |(difficulty |swallowing) |
Indication |for |aspiration
What |is |the |main |indication |for |bronchography |- |correct |answer |✔By |outlining |the |airways |it |will |identify |obstructing |leisons |(tumors) |and |bronchietasis
List |two |hazards |of |bronchography |- |correct |answer |✔Allergic |reaction |
Impairement |of |ventilation
An |EEG |is |indicated |to |assess |activity |of |use |- |correct |answer |✔Brain |tumors
Traumatic |brain |injury |
Loss |of |brain |function |
Evaluation |of |sleep |disorders
A |pulmonary |angiogram |is |indicated |to |diagnose |- |correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |embolism
List |two |indications |for |a |pulmoanry |angiogram |- |correct |answer |✔High |clinical |suspicion |for |pulmonary |embolism |
Inconclusive |V/Q |scan |and/or |CT |scan
An |echocardiogram |is |a |- |correct |answer |✔Noninvasive |method |for |monitoring |cardiac |performance
An |echocardiogram |is |used |to |assess |- |correct |answer |✔Cardiac |function |left |ventricular |and |ejection |fraction. |volume
List |three |indications |for |an |echocardiogram |- |correct |answer |✔Cardiac |anomalies |in |the |infant |
Abnormal |heart |sounds |
Myocardial |disease
What |is |the |normal |range |for |ICP |- |correct |answer |✔70-90 |mmhg
State |the |formula |for |CPP |- |correct |answer |✔Map-ICP
Hct |- |correct |answer |✔Spin |the |whole |blood |and |measure |the |% |of |RBC
Normal |value: |40-50%
Low |values: |anemia |
High |values: |polycythemia
WBC |- |correct |answer |✔Used |by |the |body |to |fight |infections |
Normal |value: |5,000-10,
Low |value: |leukopenia |viral |infection |
High |values: |leukocutyosis, |bacterial/infection
What |are |neutrophils: |- |correct |answer |✔Major |WBC, |help |fight |infection |by |ingesting |micoorganisms |and |releasing |enzymes |that |kill |microorganisms.
Descirbe |the |difference |between |bands |and |segs |- |correct |answer |✔Bands- |Immature |cells |normally |4% |of |WBC, |increased |with |bacterial |infection. |
Segs- |mature |cells, |normally |60% |of |WBC |decreased |with |bacterial |infection
What |pathology |would |show |an |increase |in |eosinophils |- |correct |answer
|✔Allergic |Reaction/Asthma
What |are |the |electrolytes |and |what |is |their |function? |- |correct |answer
|✔Elements |required |by |the |body |for |metabolism |
Closely |associated |with |fluid |levels, |muscle |function |(cardiac) |and |kidney |function.
Describe |the |signs |and |symptoms |of |an |electrolyte |imbalance |- |correct |answer
|✔Muscle |weakness, |soreness, |nausea, |and |mental |changes |such |as |lethargy, |dizziness |and |drowsiness |are |associated |with |the |electrolyte |imbalance
Na+ |- |correct |answer |✔More |extracellular |cation |controlled |by |kidneys |
Normal |value: |135-
Low |value: |hypoatremia |fluid |loss |from |diuretics, |vomiting, |diarrhea.
High |value: |hyperatemia, |dehydration
K+ |- |correct |answer |✔Major |intracellular |cation, |acid |base |muscle |function |
Normal |value: |4.0mEq/L |(range |3.5-4.5)
Low |values: |hypokalemia |metabolic |alkalosis |excessive |excretion |
High |values: |hyperkalemia |spiked |T |wave, |metabolic |acidosis
CI- |- |correct |answer |✔Major |extracellular |anion |
90 |mEq/L |(80-100)
Low |values: |hypochloremia |metabolic |alkalosis |
High |values: |hyperchloremia |metabolic |acidosis
HCO3- |- |correct |answer |✔Total |CO2 |content |most |of |CO2 |in |the |blood |is |carried |as |HCO3 |so |that |changes |in |total |CO2 |content |reflect |changes |in |blood |base |
Normal |vale: |24mEq/L |(22-26)
What |information |is |obtained |from |a |gram |stain? |- |correct |answer |✔Weather |bacteria |are |gram |positive |or |gram |negative, |takes | 1 |hr
Coagulation |studies |are |a |series |of |tests |that |evaluates |the |- |correct |answer
|✔Clotting |mechanism |of |the |body
Platelet |Count |- |correct |answer |✔An |analysis |of |the |number |size |and |shape |of |the |platelets |
Normal |value: |150,000-400,
Decreased |values |are |associated |with |decreased |bone |marrow |and |sepsis
Activated |partial |thromboplastin |time |(aPTT) |- |correct |answer |✔Measures |the |length |of |time |required |for |plasma |to |form |a |fibrin |clot |
Normal |value: |24-32 |secs
Used |for |monitoring |heparin |therapy
Prothombin |time |- |correct |answer |✔Used |for |monitoring |warfarin |coumadian |\
Normal |value: |12-15secs
Urinalysis |- |correct |answer |✔Reflects |metabolic |status |of |pt |and |screening |test |for |kidney |disease |
Troponin |- |correct |answer |✔A |protein |found |in |myocardial |cells |
1). |specific |indicator |of |damage |heart |muscle |
Normal |value: |>0.1 |ng/mL |place |the |patient |at |high |risk |for |death |for |Recommend |O2, |morphine, |aspirin, |nitroglycerin
Brain |Natriuretic |Peptide |(BNP) |- |correct |answer |✔Secreted |by |cardiac |muscle |when |heart |failure |develops |or |worsens |
Normal |value: |< |<100ng/mL
Recommend |diuretic |positive |inotropic |agent
Elevated |levels |of |BNP |indicates? |- |correct |answer |✔CHF
BNP |levels |- |correct |answer |✔>300 |pg/mL- |Mild |
600 |pg/mL- |Moderate |
900 |pg/mL- |Severe
A |mantoux |test |is |the |most |reliable |test |for |detecting |- |correct |answer
|✔Tuberculin |skin |test
Allergy |testing |may |be |indicated |in |patients |with |- |correct |answer |✔Asthma |to |help |identify |allergen |triggers |such |as |dust,pollen |mold |and |food
List |the |two |types |of |allergy |test |procedures |- |correct |answer |✔a. |Skin |prick |or |scratch |test |
b. |Intracutaneous |Test