Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Respiratory and Cardiovascular Assessment: Questions and Answers for Medical Students, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to respiratory and cardiovascular assessment, covering key concepts and clinical scenarios. It is designed to help medical students prepare for exams and clinical practice by reinforcing their understanding of essential assessment techniques and associated pathologies.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/19/2025

smart-scores
smart-scores 🇺🇸

5

(2)

7K documents

1 / 31

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is |3 |- |correct |answer
|Resuscitate
What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is |8? |- |correct |answer
|Monitor |routine |care
Orthopnea |- |correct |answer |Difficult |breathing |except |in |the |upright |position
|(CHF)
General |malise |- |correct |answer |Run |down |feeling, |nausea, |weakness. |fatigue.
|headache |(check |electrolyte |imbalance)
Dyspnea |- |correct |answer |A |feeling |of |shortness |of |breath |or |difficulty
|breathing
Dysphagia |- |correct |answer |Difficulty |swallowing |and |hoarseness |are |common
|symptoms
Peripheral |Edema |- |correct |answer |Fluid |in |the |arms |and |legs |
Recommend |a |Diuretic |
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f

Partial preview of the text

Download Respiratory and Cardiovascular Assessment: Questions and Answers for Medical Students and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is | 3 |- |correct |answer

|✔Resuscitate

What |action |should |be |recommended |if |the |APGAR |score |is |8? |- |correct |answer

|✔Monitor |routine |care

Orthopnea |- |correct |answer |✔Difficult |breathing |except |in |the |upright |position |(CHF)

General |malise |- |correct |answer |✔Run |down |feeling, |nausea, |weakness. |fatigue. |headache |(check |electrolyte |imbalance)

Dyspnea |- |correct |answer |✔A |feeling |of |shortness |of |breath |or |difficulty |breathing

Dysphagia |- |correct |answer |✔Difficulty |swallowing |and |hoarseness |are |common |symptoms

Peripheral |Edema |- |correct |answer |✔Fluid |in |the |arms |and |legs |

Recommend |a |Diuretic |

Pathology: |Presence |of |excessive |fluid |in |the |tissue |as |pitting |edema |caused |by |CHF |and |renal |failure

Ascites |- |correct |answer |✔Accumulation |of |fluid |in |the |abdomen |generally |caused |by |liver |failure.

Pathology: |Abdominal |infection

Clubbing |of |fingers |- |correct |answer |✔Caused |by |chronic |hypoxemia |

Pathology: |Pulmonary |disease |COPD, |CHF

The |thumb |and |first |fingers |are |affected.

Venous |Distention |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |venous |distention, |jugular |distention |(JVD) |temporal |veins |popping |out |

Pathology: |occurs |with |CHF, |seen |during |exhalation |in |patients |with |COPD.

Capillary |refill |- |correct |answer |✔Indication |of |peripheral |circulation |

Pathology: |blanching |the |hand |and |watch |for |color |return |

Color |should |return |within | 3 |seconds

Diaphoresis |- |correct |answer |✔A |state |of |profuse/heavy |sweating, |heart |failure |recommend |diuretics. |positive |inotropic |agents.

Pathology: |fever |infection |(recommend |antibiotics), |anxiety |nervousness |(recommend |sedatives), |tuberculosis/night |sweats |(recommend |antitubular |gram |stain)

Ashen/pallor |- |correct |answer |✔Abnormal |

Condition: |normal |respiratory |rate |for |an |adult |12-20bpm

Tachypnea |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |>20bpm

Condition: |hypoxia, |fever, |pain, |CNS |problem

Bradypnea |- |correct |answer |✔Decreased |respiratory |rate |<12bpm

Condition: |sleep, |drugs, |alcohol, |metabolic |disorder

Cheyne-Stokes |- |correct |answer |✔Gradually |increasing |then |decreasing |rate |and |depth |in |a |cycle |lasting |from |30-180 |secs |with |periods |of |apnea |up |to | 60 |secs. |

Condition: |increased |intracranial |pressures, |brainstem |injury, |drug |overdose

Biot's |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |and |depth |with |irregular |periods |of |apnea |

Condition: |CNS |depression

Kussmaul's |- |correct |answer |✔Increased |respiratory |rate |(usually | 20 |breaths/min)

Condition: |increased |depth |rhythm, |breathing |sounds |labored |metabolic |acidosis, |renal |failure, |diabetic |ketoacidosis

What |causes |hypertrophy |of |the |accessory |muscles |and |what |type |of |patient

|might |this |be |present |in? |- |correct |answer |✔Increase |in |muscle |size |of |accessory |muscle |occurs |with |COPD

Describe |the |four |neck |pathologies |that |might |complicate |endotracheal

|intubation |- |correct |answer |✔Short |receding |mandible

Enlarged |tongue |

Bull |neck

Limited |range |of |motion

What |is |the |normal |range |for |a |patient's |heart |rate |- |correct |answer |✔60- 100/min

What |term |would |be |used |to |decribe |a |heart |rate |of |160/min? |would |this

|indicate |- |correct |answer |✔Tachycardia, |indicates |hypoxemia, |anxiety, |stress |recommended |oxygen |therapy

What |term |would |be |used |to |describe |a |pule |52/min? |what |would |this |indicate?

|- |correct |answer |✔Bradycardia, |indicates |heart |failure, |shock, |code/emergency |recommend |atropine.

What |does |paradoxical |pulse/pulsus |paradoxus |indicate |- |correct |answer

|✔Pulse/blood |pressure |varies |with |respiration. |May |indicate |severe |air |trapping |(status |asthmaticus, |tension |pneumothorax, |cardiac |tamponade.

Causes |of |tracheal |deviation |Pulled |to |abnormal |side |(toward |pathology) |AIR |-

|correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |atelectasis |

Pulmonary |fibrosis |

Pneumoectomy |

Diaphrgamatic |paralysis

Hyperresonant |- |correct |answer |✔Booming |sound |that |can |be |heard |in |an |area |of |the |lung |where |either |a |pneumothorax |or |emphysema |may |be |present.

EX: |COPD

What |is |egophony |and |what |would |it |indicate |- |correct |answer |✔The |patient |is |instructed |to |say |"E" |and |it |sounds |like |"A"

This |would |indicate |consolidation |of |the |lung |tissue |as |with |pneumonia |like |condition.

What |breath |sounds |would |be |expected |in |a |patient |with |pulmonary |edema |-

|correct |answer |✔Fine |crackles |(moist |crepitant |rales) |alveoli |fluid

Coarse |rales/rhonchi |- |correct |answer |✔Clears |with |a |cough, |large |airway |

Treatment: |suction |patient |or |instruct |to |cough

Medium |rales |- |correct |answer |✔Middle |airway |secretions |

Treatment: |recommend |bronchial |hygiene

Fine |rales/crackles |- |correct |answer |✔Moist |crepitant |rales, |alveoli |fluid |

Treatment: |oxygen, |positive |pressure, |postive |inotropic, |diuretic/

Wheeze |- |correct |answer |✔Most |caused |by |bronchospasm |

Treatment: |recommend |bronchodilator

Stridor |- |correct |answer |✔High |pitched |or |crowing |inspiratory |sound |

Treatment: |caused |by |upper |airway |obstruction

Pleural |Friction |Rub |- |correct |answer |✔A |coarse |granting |raspy |crunching |sound |

Treatment: |recommend |steroids |and |antibiotics

What |effect |would |cardiac |stress |have |on |blood |pressure? |- |correct |answer

|✔Increased |blood |pressure |(hypertension) |indicates |cardiac |stress |hypoxemia

What |effect |would |hypoperfusion |have |on |blood |pressure |- |correct |answer

|✔Decreased |blood |pressure |(hypotension) |indicates |poor |perfusion |hypovolemia, |CHF

Describe |the |normal |appearance |on |a |chest |x-ray |- |correct |answer

|✔Hemidiaphragms- |are |rounded |(dome-shaped)

Trachea- |midline, |bilateral |radioluency, |with |sharp |costophrenic |angles

Clavicles- |head |of |clavicles |should |be |level

Quality |of |radiologic |images |- |correct |answer |✔Exposure/Penetration- |proper |exposure |will |show |the |intervertbal |disc |spaces |through |the |shadow |of |the |mediastinum |

Under/Penetration- |Image |does |not |allow |visualization |of |the |intervertebral |discs |through |the |heart |shadow |

Describe |where |each |of |the |following |should |be |located |when |positioned

|properly |- |correct |answer |✔Chest |tube- |in |the |plerual |space |surrounding |the |lung

Nasogastric |and |feeding |tube- |in |the |stomach |2-5 |cm |below |the |diaphragm.

Pulmonary |artery |catheter- |should |appear |in |the |right |lower |lobes

Pacemaker- |normally |positioned |in |the |right |vertical. |

Central |venous |catheter- |inserted |through |the |subclavian |or |jugular |vein |and |should |rest |in |the |superior |vena |cava |or |right |atrium

Lateral |Neck |X-ray |- |correct |answer |✔Croup- |the |x-ray |of |the |neck |will |reveal |tracheal |narrowing |with |subglottic |swelling |in |a |pattern, |steeple |sign, |picket |fence, |hourglass |sign. |

Epiglottis- |shows |supraglottic |narrowing |with |an |enlarged |and |flattened |epiglottis |and |swollen |epiglottis

What |type |of |radiograph |are |helpful |in |locating |areas |of |air-trapping |- |correct

|answer |✔Inspiratory/Expiratory |radiographs

Radiolucent |- |correct |answer |✔Dark |pattern, |air

Normal |for |lungs

Radiodense.opacity |- |correct |answer |✔White |pattern, |solid, |fluid

  • |Normal |for |bones, |organs

Infilitrate |- |correct |answer |✔Any |ill-defined |radiodensity |

  • |Atelectasis

Consolidation |- |correct |answer |✔Solid |white |area

Pneumonia/pleural |effusion

Hyperluency |- |correct |answer |✔Extra |pulmonary |air |

COPD, |asthma |attack. |pneumothorax

Vascular |markings |- |correct |answer |✔Lymphatics, |vessels, |lung |tissue

Increased |with |CHF, |absent |with |pneumothorax

Diffuse |- |correct |answer |✔Spread |throughout |

atelectasis/pneumonia

Opaque |- |correct |answer |✔Fluid |solid

consolidation

Pulmonary |Edema |(white) |- |correct |answer |✔Fluffy |infiltrates, |Butterfly |pattern, |batwing |pattern, |kerley |lines

Diffuse |whitness, |infiltrates |in |shape |of |a |butterfly

Tuberculosis |- |correct |answer |✔Cavity |formation, |often |in |upper |lobes |

Treatment: |antitubular |agents

For |what |patholgies |would |a |CT |be |indicated |- |correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |embolus

What |special |type |of |CT |scan |is |indicated |to |diagnose |a |pulmonary |embolus |-

|correct |answer |✔A |spiral |CT |scan, |with |contrast |dye

What |is |indicated |by |normal |ventilation |with |abnormal |perfusion |- |correct

|answer |✔Pulmonary |embolism

What |are |three |indications |for |a |barium |swallow |test? |- |correct |answer

|✔Suspected |esophageal |malignancy

Dysphagia |(difficulty |swallowing) |

Indication |for |aspiration

What |is |the |main |indication |for |bronchography |- |correct |answer |✔By |outlining |the |airways |it |will |identify |obstructing |leisons |(tumors) |and |bronchietasis

List |two |hazards |of |bronchography |- |correct |answer |✔Allergic |reaction |

Impairement |of |ventilation

An |EEG |is |indicated |to |assess |activity |of |use |- |correct |answer |✔Brain |tumors

Traumatic |brain |injury |

Loss |of |brain |function |

Evaluation |of |sleep |disorders

A |pulmonary |angiogram |is |indicated |to |diagnose |- |correct |answer |✔Pulmonary |embolism

List |two |indications |for |a |pulmoanry |angiogram |- |correct |answer |✔High |clinical |suspicion |for |pulmonary |embolism |

Inconclusive |V/Q |scan |and/or |CT |scan

An |echocardiogram |is |a |- |correct |answer |✔Noninvasive |method |for |monitoring |cardiac |performance

An |echocardiogram |is |used |to |assess |- |correct |answer |✔Cardiac |function |left |ventricular |and |ejection |fraction. |volume

List |three |indications |for |an |echocardiogram |- |correct |answer |✔Cardiac |anomalies |in |the |infant |

Abnormal |heart |sounds |

Myocardial |disease

What |is |the |normal |range |for |ICP |- |correct |answer |✔70-90 |mmhg

State |the |formula |for |CPP |- |correct |answer |✔Map-ICP

Hct |- |correct |answer |✔Spin |the |whole |blood |and |measure |the |% |of |RBC

Normal |value: |40-50%

Low |values: |anemia |

High |values: |polycythemia

WBC |- |correct |answer |✔Used |by |the |body |to |fight |infections |

Normal |value: |5,000-10,

Low |value: |leukopenia |viral |infection |

High |values: |leukocutyosis, |bacterial/infection

What |are |neutrophils: |- |correct |answer |✔Major |WBC, |help |fight |infection |by |ingesting |micoorganisms |and |releasing |enzymes |that |kill |microorganisms.

Descirbe |the |difference |between |bands |and |segs |- |correct |answer |✔Bands- |Immature |cells |normally |4% |of |WBC, |increased |with |bacterial |infection. |

Segs- |mature |cells, |normally |60% |of |WBC |decreased |with |bacterial |infection

What |pathology |would |show |an |increase |in |eosinophils |- |correct |answer

|✔Allergic |Reaction/Asthma

What |are |the |electrolytes |and |what |is |their |function? |- |correct |answer

|✔Elements |required |by |the |body |for |metabolism |

Closely |associated |with |fluid |levels, |muscle |function |(cardiac) |and |kidney |function.

Describe |the |signs |and |symptoms |of |an |electrolyte |imbalance |- |correct |answer

|✔Muscle |weakness, |soreness, |nausea, |and |mental |changes |such |as |lethargy, |dizziness |and |drowsiness |are |associated |with |the |electrolyte |imbalance

Na+ |- |correct |answer |✔More |extracellular |cation |controlled |by |kidneys |

Normal |value: |135-

Low |value: |hypoatremia |fluid |loss |from |diuretics, |vomiting, |diarrhea.

High |value: |hyperatemia, |dehydration

K+ |- |correct |answer |✔Major |intracellular |cation, |acid |base |muscle |function |

Normal |value: |4.0mEq/L |(range |3.5-4.5)

Low |values: |hypokalemia |metabolic |alkalosis |excessive |excretion |

High |values: |hyperkalemia |spiked |T |wave, |metabolic |acidosis

CI- |- |correct |answer |✔Major |extracellular |anion |

90 |mEq/L |(80-100)

Low |values: |hypochloremia |metabolic |alkalosis |

High |values: |hyperchloremia |metabolic |acidosis

HCO3- |- |correct |answer |✔Total |CO2 |content |most |of |CO2 |in |the |blood |is |carried |as |HCO3 |so |that |changes |in |total |CO2 |content |reflect |changes |in |blood |base |

Normal |vale: |24mEq/L |(22-26)

What |information |is |obtained |from |a |gram |stain? |- |correct |answer |✔Weather |bacteria |are |gram |positive |or |gram |negative, |takes | 1 |hr

Coagulation |studies |are |a |series |of |tests |that |evaluates |the |- |correct |answer

|✔Clotting |mechanism |of |the |body

Platelet |Count |- |correct |answer |✔An |analysis |of |the |number |size |and |shape |of |the |platelets |

Normal |value: |150,000-400,

Decreased |values |are |associated |with |decreased |bone |marrow |and |sepsis

Activated |partial |thromboplastin |time |(aPTT) |- |correct |answer |✔Measures |the |length |of |time |required |for |plasma |to |form |a |fibrin |clot |

Normal |value: |24-32 |secs

Used |for |monitoring |heparin |therapy

Prothombin |time |- |correct |answer |✔Used |for |monitoring |warfarin |coumadian |\

Normal |value: |12-15secs

Urinalysis |- |correct |answer |✔Reflects |metabolic |status |of |pt |and |screening |test |for |kidney |disease |

  • |Blood |in |the |urine |hematria |is |associated |with |kidney |trauma

Troponin |- |correct |answer |✔A |protein |found |in |myocardial |cells |

1). |specific |indicator |of |damage |heart |muscle |

Normal |value: |>0.1 |ng/mL |place |the |patient |at |high |risk |for |death |for |Recommend |O2, |morphine, |aspirin, |nitroglycerin

Brain |Natriuretic |Peptide |(BNP) |- |correct |answer |✔Secreted |by |cardiac |muscle |when |heart |failure |develops |or |worsens |

Normal |value: |< |<100ng/mL

Recommend |diuretic |positive |inotropic |agent

Elevated |levels |of |BNP |indicates? |- |correct |answer |✔CHF

BNP |levels |- |correct |answer |✔>300 |pg/mL- |Mild |

600 |pg/mL- |Moderate |

900 |pg/mL- |Severe

A |mantoux |test |is |the |most |reliable |test |for |detecting |- |correct |answer

|✔Tuberculin |skin |test

Allergy |testing |may |be |indicated |in |patients |with |- |correct |answer |✔Asthma |to |help |identify |allergen |triggers |such |as |dust,pollen |mold |and |food

List |the |two |types |of |allergy |test |procedures |- |correct |answer |✔a. |Skin |prick |or |scratch |test |

b. |Intracutaneous |Test