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Fall 2006
Dr. Ann Brittain
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ANTHROPOLOGY 2A2',^ Section^ P
Name: Student
pl-ease read each questibn carefully, theh write the letter^ of^ the
singl-e best^ answer^ in the^ space^ provided.
tJ
1. Cultural Anthropology is the^ study^ of:
' a. non-human Prrmates.
b. ancient civilizations
c. the vari-ety of^ ways^ in^ which^ people^ live'
d. the art and l-eisure^ a'ctivities^ of the^ upper
classes.
e. human evolution.
?L. C.t'tVUILU!qI I f rrral anfqrrurr!vyv+vYrvev hrnno'l ooi sf^ s are interested^ in^ the
behavior of^ non-human^ primates^ because:
d^ r. fLIIEy^ r'rarr h^nerrvIJs^ toLV^ rvq!Iearn^ rr^ how^ to rbise theii^ posltions
. in the^ dominance^ hierarchY.
b. it allows us to^ see^ how^ our^ behavior
or different from^ ours
c. our closest living^ rel-atives are^ bats
shrews.
fhcrrUIIVJ hnnc fo l.earn whether human beings^ evolved
from apes.
these animal-s behave exactly^ as^ we^ do.
3. Cultural anthropologists are^ particularly
interested in^ chimpanzees^ and baboons^ for all^ the
following reasons except:
a. baboons livd in^ areas^ similar to^ those,^ we
evolved in.
is simil-ar
and tree
.l
b
chimpanzees are our^ closest'^ living^ rel-atives^ '
thes-e animals can^ give^ us"^ hints to the^ behavior
of our earliest ancestors.
the animal-s behave^ exactly^ as^ we^ do.
none of these are exceptions. All^ are^ reasons
for the interest in^ chimpanzees^ and^ baboons.
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Primates benefit. from living^ in^ groups^ -^ in^ al-l^ of
the fol-l-owing waYS^ except:
a. their cobper-ative--tr=unts^ require Iarge^ numbers
of partici-pants
the bables donrt have^ to^ grow^ up as fast^ and
can spend mo?e time^ PIaYing
most primates^ ar'e..smafi-^ and^ tasty^ and^ being^ a
momhcr ofIllgllug! v! eq .rr^rlny!vu}/ r-:n"*.1^ reclttr:e^ the chance of being eaten. 1 ., \ 1t^ al-l-ows^ primates to^ watch and^ learn^ from^ each art- her
e. none^ of^ these^ are^ excepCicjns.. A11^ are benefits
nt fha drOUpS.r* JUps :'''' r "i'
Initials .'f(
O1der animals are^ important^ to^ non-human^ primate
groups because: d.'. +-1-,^.,LIICy cfJ Lqy^ rrz atq U theUrlE home baserrvrrrv^ to^ care^ f^ or^ the
babies while the younger^ animafs^ hunt.
b. they gather*^ food^ to^ feed^ the^ rest
c. by playing.^ and exploring^ their^ environment'they
learn new things that can^ benefit the^ whole
group
d. tfreir^ knowledge^ of^ the^ env'ironment^ mak6s^ them
suspicious when something isn't^ right.
'e. none of these. Older primates, are a burden to'
.l_hc.frnltnLIIE grUUI/ l-rcr-arrseVSVqUJU fheyurrey m"arltluD L l-'av9 (^) ^-OteCted.y!L and
.
fed.
Dorninance hierarchies among^ primate^ mafes: a. are constantly^ shifting^ as each male rises^ to the top of^ the^ hierarchy,^ as^ he^ comes into estrus b. al-l-ow the males to^ make^ 'the females do^ what they want. (- (^) nrorzide each anima] the opportunity to take his _ turn^ leading the^ group. d.- allows some animafs^ fo^ constan€ly bite^ and scratch the others with^ no fear^ of retaliation- e. allow the^ males^ to^ know^ who^ is^ likely^ to^ win^ a fight, and.so reduce the number^ of^ fights.
The feader of a primate group is: d. an' attractive^ ariimal-^ that^ other^ members^ of^ the group choose to foll-ow.! b. the one that is tfre most successful-^ hunter. c. the oldest^ female. d. the ohe that i's abl-e to'force^ the others to obey him. e. the mal-e, who^ is^ at the bottom of the hierarchy rotation.
Domj-nance hierarchies among primate^ femafes:
a. allow the females .to make^ the^ males do^ what
they want
b. give^ the most dominant-female^ priority^ to^ food
and the males^ that^ are^ 'in^ estrus.
U. njrra9IVtj,JU119-LE!llL^ 'l^ nnn-1- arm cf :hi'lJuqvrr!LJ^ if^ rr^ f ouv^ mosttltvru^ nrit/!rrrlquv^ maf o^ .frr)ltnq d. are the^ cause^ of constant fighting^ as^ each femafe tries to better her position. e. are based on age with^ older^ animals^ dominant over younger^ ones.
{^ R
rnitials ,{A
13. The "Ol-dowan"'tooIs used^ by^ the^ Austrafopithecines
a. remarkably^ simi.Iar^ to^ thos
l-rrrnl_l1UrrU!rrY i nrr :nd rra1_ hori no handS
b. the first tools used by any
F anmnnrrndvvrrrvv urlv .tCOIS (^) made With a materl-ars. d. the earLiest^ known^ use of metal for^ tools. e. (^) oval stones that were chipped to^ make^ a^ sharp edge
When Homo erecLus appeared about a million^ years ago a. it hunted the Australopithecines^ to^ dxtinction. b. it became the first^ human^ ancestor to^ walk
bipedally.
it was similar to its^ ancestors,^ but^ was
^*^-farJILLdI LEI.
it returned to the trees to live^ the^ way
earlier ancestors had
.rrIL Wd> "i^^,-rWIIJCLI Uuurrrf 1^rrrvJ r-.omnetitionuvrLt}JUur (^) from the baboon.
rquve r sod lrrzvJ mode (^) rn
sner:i e's of nrimate. rzari ofrr nf
afLJ f (^) ^
9rarru^i^ -h+
c6 (^) I
/-.
,V
K 15 When Homo '-:_.-1--^ erectus^ abpeared^ about ago it^ made al-l of^ the following a-,-onf. . .:! 1^^-^^ +O liVe in CaVeS. \ rL^ J.Jsgarr^ L l^\p (^). 'if, u^ I han:n'uayqrr j.u(J^ n r Y-Lyrol rz m.)rF IIL(-,/r c rrrull *^-+lttEa L
of the diet.
'c. it began to^ use^ fire^ to^ keeP
d. it invented nbw^ stone^ tool-s
--.^^ttd CD e. none of these. are' excePtion.
warm we now call^ "hand
All are advances
a^ ^^ .:ml-f-Lr-on^ 1 1 ;^ ^ years c'ultural advances
d> ^a (^) -LEauy^+^ ^^ ^^ ^., ^art Ir(
cr1.nhvq u v.r41rY i na
animal-s
made bv Homo erectus.
The new hunting technique invented by^ Homo^ erectus t^tia. I
a. surrounding baby monkeys in trees^ and
them with their bare hands.
hp. (^) oaq:rri v !1rynrr p66parrvrrur9y l.rrzpy a=1- nlriuq uurIrIIy^11 6 Smalrlllqr! I slo!vvv OW instead of large faster^ ones. r-u. sneekinoJlluq r\lrrY rrn cln sleeninouy vll o !uuy!rlY^ hirds^ ei-^ nioht.
d. running down their"prey^ and^ beating^ it^ to
death ag. rrqiuoIrl9 nn l-rnnmorAn.revvvrrlc!qrr9D J_Lv n r-rrl_uuL theLrre (^) !eYo-l^ ecrs ottt f'rnm^ ttnrler kangaroos.
I
r.t ttLrdrD.
but we knor,i a system of worrlcl he rrerv' valuable
to both H.^ erectus
nr r16ran-a ullc,. (^) -J IhaLIIg
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D 20.^ Neanderthals^ apparently^ buried their^ dead^ with
stone tools. This probably^ shows^ that^ they^.
a. were smarter than modern^ humans'.
b. wanted to keep their homes^ clean^ and^ free^ of
odor.
c. were glad^ when. people^ died^ because^ it" Ieft^ more
food for the living:
d. may have had^ some^ kind of^ idea^ of^ an^ afterlife.
e. were still closer to the^ apes^ than^ they^ were^ to
modern humans
5G
T^-.^,.a^^ LdrlgLtdge I^--.^redve5 (^) 1r(, €^ddi1dr(JDDrrDt communication like language to Homo erectus because: x,*r;-^ i (^) - nof n.)sq'i hle (^) withOUt SOme fOrm Of . IILlIIT,^ III9-^ rJ^ ttUU^ yVDplvf^ s^ waurrvuu^ rvrllv spoKen language. b. it wouf^ d be^ eas^ j-er^ f^ or people to plan^ separate act.ivitles and^ meet^ again 1ater. .. (^) '.'-i +l-'n'.+ (^) - I ancf t'ta1^1e on I v the dOminant maIeS \ (^) - wILII-JLIL^ A^ La!!YuqYv^ vrr!J woul-d be all-owed to^ eat^ meat language is^ the only^ way^ that^ infants^ and children can learn^ from their^ parents. Ianguage is^ necessary^ to^ make^ and^ use tools.
1B Human^ families^ probablv^ developed^ for^ all.^ of^ the
C.
fnl!U!IUW!IIU I nr^r.i na ra:o^ho!gOOUIIJ avnnnl_gAUgVU.^. hrrnf i nn ur:s j-oo^ d,anoerorls^ f^ or women with smalf babies. contlnuous sexual interes"t^ brought^ males^ and fam:laq fnnefher (^) in more permanent!-- pairs. the men. could get the food whil'e the^ women rested at home. rl incro:qinrr'l---*..y1-y (^) " h^'ln'laaollc-LIJ-LC>5^ IllIct.LlLDinf:nl-o^ nl-:narlyro.Usu^ Ofbatefy!eqLv! demands on their mothers. e. none of, these are exceptionS. A11^ probably contributed to the development of^ families.
Neanderthafs were able to^ live^ in^ Europe ,thdet extremely cold.^ conditions^ which^ Homo^ erectus could- not survive. This^ was because^ tne-TEEnOertfrats^ had many discoveries and^ inventions^ availabfe^ to^ them. The only one which was^ .shared by^ Homo^ erectus^ was: ^ - h:ftecl^ snears for"v"'^ safer^ and more^ efficient hunting b. the abifity^ to use fire^ to^ stay^ warm c. a means of drying or smoking meat^ to^ save^ for 'the winter. d. roasting frozen meat^ in^ the fire^ to^ thaw it n rrt
e. all"of these^ were avaitrable
and Neanderthal-s.^ The^ onl-Y
size of their^ brains.
T.-.ir.i-1^.IIIILIdID. 5;b
P ,L,,^ The^ tools^ used^ by^ members r^raj- heri no hands are:
nfv! l.rrrn1. i nnIlulrurrrY (^) =-d I a. so crude and inefficient that^ the^ people^ who use them are barely able.^ to^ survive. b. among the most advanced examples^ of^ 'modern technology found in the world^ today. c. remarkably similar to^ the^ Oldowan^ tools^ made and used by the Austrafopithecines. d. inrientive obiects^ made^ of^ locally^ available resources. e. so difficult and expensive^ to^ make^ that^ only^ a f ew people own tool-s.
^ -^
- 'I'ne^ worK r-^ r Ioao^rrl av"narjexpellell(je-1^ annarl^ l-rrzuy^ moml-rarqrLlvrLrvu!r^ af\r!^ hrrnfllurruarry^ -i^ n.f -^.ldlLu nrfhari-nn9aLlrE!rrrY^ handqverluo
a. is especialty heavy.^ because^ they'^ need^ to^ make^ so
many weapons^ for their^ wars
. b. is lig"ht^ because^ they get^ most,^ of their^ food
from nelghboring^ groups
c. is very^ heavy because^ they live^ in^ some^ of^ the
wi5rst places^ on^ earth^
d. is tight because^ their^ food^ grows^ naLurarry^f,._^..r,.r,,^ -LrI.i^ ^
)'7 (^) The health of members of hunting and gathering bands ls: .d. (^) ^AArPUUI l-rac:ttUCUAUOE (^) -o fl-.arrLllsy h,.r.. nnnr]9uuu haa:rtrJE-o.uoY co furrEy^ harr l.i (^) ^+
- u. nAnI/vv!^ r^ 'l-rar,:rrvuuq UJE-o^ I harrLrrEy du. nnn|yvvu hon:rtvuuquJE -^ f harrLIIEY ae. nAnryvvr l'ron:rtqa ]-hcrz nn the ororlnd.Y- (^) "'
the envi-ronment.
!Ji q hoarrrzrIUuv^ y^ l'ler:arrsevvvqsvv^ f^ hev^ mtlsf.^ hunt^ for^ food^ every day.
-Anuqll 1.r:re'1rz findua!Eri^ ennrrrrh^ foori. are fit and eat a^ balanced
do 'l not, have access^ to^ doctors. 'i (^) rra nrofy!v vvv er:f uv\ erJ (^) lives indoors. dn9U nr^nJ-P!q9U!uq!!J in:'lIrz nakecl!rqr\vv :ncl s'l ccn
- The^ birth^ rate^ in^ hunting^ and^ gathering^ bands^ is low beiause: a. coupl-es space^ tneir^ children^ out so that^ each can eat adult^ foods before the next is^ born. b. mem6ers of^ ,these groups mate^ only^ when^ the^ i females are in^ es-trus c. the World^ Heatth Organization^ (WHO)^ has^ made free contraceptives^ avaitable^ to^ residentS^ of third-wortrd countries. , d. the^ men^ work'so hard at hunting that^ they^ have little energy left^ for^ sexual-^ activity. e. the diet is poor^ and^ the^ women^ '"are 'undernourished
lnl_t1a.Ls: )t9-{r
L2s "General ized reiiprocitv"^ is: rl-^LlIe (^) 5dlttg d> l,^-'lL)drclr.LUEu (^) --^^r.l ranj!EU!y!vvr nrnni frruJ
the exchange of meat^ for^ sexuaf*^ favor's
orqanized by members of the military.
a kind of shar-ing in^ which^ everyone^ is^ expected
to contribute what^ they^ can^ for the^ good^ of^ the
qroup.
the same kind of^ sharj-ng.as^ is^ found^ amon$'
.rrrlrrns of non-hrrman nri mates. a form of taxation^ in^ which afl^ members^ of^ the group grve part^ of what they^ have^ to^ the leader
Thefrrv fu,yI/ur rrnes of oxr-haroe forrnd in band societies are imnnr1-IILLVV! UqrlU anl_ fnr !Vr a'lqf 'lf ofv! theurrv fo'l!vJ!vvv!rrv I or^r'i no reasons exr:enf. they: F a. keep^ food from going to^ waste b. reduce the^ chance^ of^ overexploitation^ of^ the- environment.
- u. nrarzoni._v!uv9l1L :n/.)naqrlyvlrg^ f romIIVILL^ cloinr-rYvrrrY htrnr-irrtrrurr\r!J^ es^ Iono^ as^ f he group has food
d. allow sick or injured^ people^ to^ survive.
e. none of these are exceptions.^ Al1 are^ re,asons
ovch:nafAgAvllqllVu ir> d .-LItlPLrr.Lorlimnnrf^ =n1-L.
In band societies it^ is^ often^ customary^ to^ requl-re. l_Lllc ha .f9I\Jultt r.r1.]m J-L\J ydy n r-.- 1.--.iJJrr\trE^ r^^ ^--iy!fr ^e. ThiS: a. assures the bride's familV that^ she^ will^ have^ a skil-led hun.ter for^ a^ husband.
. -allows^ most^ men^ to-^ have more^ than'one . is the^ reason^ that^ most^ 'young^ men^ need -.i J ^1^^UI,> d..tl\f,--r.] (^) '.,^-VwuI N far! v! mnnottt(rvrrul,
. shows that women in these^ societies^ have very
low status I
e. proves^ that the work^ that^ women^ do^ is^ very
hiqhfy esteemed.
32 Members of hunting^ and^ gathering^
'l^rrndq (^) rrer'r:lquss!!J Irt nr:Ir!quuruv nf i ca aYAd:m/vz:vYqrrL_I l-ror-att qc^ ' (^2) - f herr are lta,'-r"r "*JudI-Ly d L-r^ "--wd! with members of other bands. o. tnev can mistreat their^ wives without^ having thelr in-laws f^ i-nd^ oirt about it. c. this means they are surb to^ have^ family^ members in many neighboring bands. d. they do not^ have^ acce-ss^ to^ modern.medical rdurff LfcJ.
e. this ailows them-.to keep^ the birth^ rate^ low.
l^,
.l
g.
L ?n
31_
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to find
L/ 31
,i
F'r:fL! q (^) u,!4IIk'i n (^) - the riif (^) f erent f ood- found in' the worl-d today are
38. The
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39 Accoiding to Bates and^ Fratkin a. modern industrial soci-eties^ have been^ able to eliminate;- the possibility.^ of^ resource rluct.uatfons. b. when there^ is^ a^ suddeh^ shortage 6f^ resources MV!lerrel s of^ ncar-oyvqvv^ end^ r:oooeration^ between^ countrres r_ncrease (-v. mnqf neonlelllvoL yuvl/fu I'i'rre i n hitlrYrrrJ crhl rr si- ah'l e environments with a steady supply of food throughout the^ year. .lv. (^) - neonluvvl/rv e orliYsrvrrrJ r-k'l rz r:hanoe f he'i r wav of life in rosnnnsF fo!vryvrruu r-henoes in^ 1--he^ environment."'*i e. many environments show^ fl-uctuations^ in-the availability of^ resources, but these generally have no effect^ on the people^ who^ five^ there
Aciording to Bates and Fratkin, the reason that some groups of people still- make^ their^ living^ by lnrrnfrrurrufrrY i na rndqrrv ar1_ horiY nn 'i q'
a. this way of life continues to^ be^ effective^ in
their environment
hp. f har,'Lrrgy harrellq v I hccnJJCCLI^ 1.ri9I rrenVglr 1-Llrs^ l^'^ Vyyv! -+"n'iLurrf {-rruJ^ f Of a better life^ but^ have^ reiected^ it^ out of rvrrv!^ i nnnrrnaa
(- f lierz are not naf.r:r'al'l v suited for civilization.
d. they are unaware that any other way^ of life
exists.
e. it is one way of iife that has recently^ been
found capable of supporting the.highest
population densities j-n^ the worl-d^ r
40
rnitial-s ,^ fO I
nuuu!^ Aaanrrli uf,lrvnn 1_Lv^ n Frf d LUD^'r^^^ d.llLl^*J
procurement strategies
the result of:
a. evolutionary divergence in^ the^ -DNA of^ people^ in
dif f erent local- groups.
b. the adoption of industrialized^ agriculture
o.'o-.r'.rharagVg! (^) YWIICIC (^) Illi n (^) jUrIV{- ]'ra r.rnrlwv!ru. rl
c. the iesources avai-Iable^ an an^ area^ and the
nrrmher1r urtl! v! af lrannlo frrzinrr^ tO USe them.
d. a refusal to try anything^ new.
e. dj-fferent kinds of early^ ancestors.
il^----,iudlryrll9 (^) nn (^) ^rn^^.1udPdu-L uy +.,tr \Jr^F -harl (^) afea iS the:
'amount of food.a person must eat. to maintain his
body weight.
number of people that cgn^ live^ there with^ the
avaifable technoJ-ogy
most sensitive index^ of^ t.he^ nutritional^ status
of-a populatibn since it^ is^ a^ measure^ of
physical strength.
number of large animals availablb for^ food.
nuirbei of babies the' loca.l-^ women^ will-^ have^ in
thelr lifetimes.
rnitials ,5A
According to Bates and Fratkin,^ the^ Dobe"^!^ Kung
(Ju'hoansi)benefit from flexible group membershi-p
and visiting in^ alf^ of^ the.^ fo.llowing^ ways^ except: a. people^ who^ do not get along^ can^ dvoid^ ser-ious
]-)
fights by simply^ moving aPart. informat'ion about the availability^ -of game^ and water can be shared over large areas. noanllJgvyfE o (^) -:nualL mn\roILLvvs f rnmllvrll arrrlrrr.lYlv\at J-uv o dr..tlltf in raqna\nqFvvyvrrvv to the -avail-ability^ of^ food^ and^ water neonl e c,an eninrr ihe (^) -nmnAnrz of f hei r f riends and relatives^ in^ other^ camps. none of these are exceptions. Atl are benefits nf flovihlo (^) - ^r^rrr'\Y- momharqh'i---"-v n ancl rli"--*-t"g' sit'i n
According to Bates and Fratkin,^ a.'study of^ the nutrition and work schedule of^ the^ Dobe^!^ Kung (Ju'hoansi) has shown that the people: a. have a diet and work schedule remarkably like^ our (JWt1.
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hp (^). h:rrelrq v u nl entrz nfI/r9-rr u-)/ v! f ood e/en l-^ horroh^ on^ I^ rz^ 'about^ 60% of \ the populatioh^ does^ any"work. . (^) \ enl^ oy reaax_rng so-i ^n^ cn^ mrrnh fflruclr^ hif^ f^ herr^ se'l dOm^ wOf^ k hafd enouqh to feedr^ themselves.'r,-^ ---r---- are undernourished and must work^ verv hard for the food they can find have a poor diet which^ means^ they are usually^ too weak to do much^ work
- According to Bates and Fratkin,^ an important difference between the wavs^ the Netsilik^ and the Ju'hoansi live is: a. the seasonal 'mobility^ which characterizes^ the lives of the Ju'hoansi-. b. the low population^ levels^ that^ the Netsilik^ must ' (^) maintain c. the extensive network of^ friends^ and^ relatlves that the Netsilik maintain. d. the'fact that the Ju'hoansi have^ recently^ had^ to " (^) adapt to outsiders encroaching on their
terrrtory.
the fact that the Netsitik have^ means^ to^ store
food.
\
b
trskimos to neribdica|-. wives or chil-dren in anr rt T q
services of a shaman
-aJ^ I I rz ai^ri^ f i na ordeilto
€ar!v! t^raalzlvvver:! rr)/
d
AA As seen in Top of the Wor.l-d, the Eskimos are able to
survive in the harsh
r l'rrr urnriri nrr (^) so many
no leisure time to
l-\ ' l.rrz i o.-.-,.r^^J rn'i nr to grow by whale-oil lamps.
l-hrorrcrh t rade. F her:arrse. rrnlikevvvs su v (^) t (^) other lost the 'long coat of ape-1ike ancestors.
own. a i mnrnrrorl new foods
climate of the arctlc:
hours per^ day^ that^ theY^ have
dorzolnnvu v vrvu An/ ar1- s^ rrr^ rel^ ioion. crops in greenhouses^ heated
lrrzpf .reAfirze and inoeniorrs^ use of^ afl-^ raw materials available. nnl rz her-errsevltry ugvquJv +1.^,, L--,^LlIUy rlA V E^ l-n^1UgElr .alr'i tr'qVrs^ t'Uv^ o aqvvt-^ jont^ the snowmobiles and^ hiqh^ powered{'^ rifles^ available
hrrm:nlrLlrLLO-rl vgrrr\jo l-roi nn< (^) t f 1-.n.rLIrCiy6^ l.r:rrarrovg nn{-r!vL
hair we inherite'd^ fromI^ our
- As seen"^ in^ Top^ of^ the World. the arriva] white Man iffi:' a. al:lowed the Eskimos to^ become^ wealthy^ through the sale of uranium found beneath^ thelr^ l-and. b. caused radical changes in^ many^ aspects of^ the -Eskimo's (^) culture. c. (^) .made availabl-e to^ the^ Eskimos^ the^ modern technology that^ ehables^ them^ to^ survive. d. tauqht Americans^ that^ the social^ rules^ that n.t.v ullLr hor neonle yuvyrv I i ve bv are irrsf^ a.s^ val^ i^ d as their
fL^L11E
their hea]th with^ the introduction^ of and sanitation.
of
rnitials ,'l:
'l'ha ra I r aft a)n WOT-LO:
of the Eskimos, ds seen^ in.^ ToP^ of^ the
a rFcrlli re.s the
one of their
^lyraua rn:1_ LEa^ 1-haullL h ro.r1 r'i! vYqrr req,vu f (^) he SCTVICES.
c. i's so primitive^ that i-t is^ more^ like^ the belief
srzsfoy o usrLtJ ems ofv! ^^-ll-,rtIIJuItLoll r''"*-^ ^-i "iates thanIJ! lrl it is like a
!vr4v+var. -al'ininn i s ..,i -onrz ooclq enrl sni ri ts-I-*---J, ^-^LUdUll ,:,.iWILrI^ f^ l-^ Aif fefent\tr
PE-IA-L^ "i -'l +.iL-LEJ.^ ^^
is rbmarkably like Christianity..
r
