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Research Methods: Case Studies, Action Research, and Quantitative Methodologies, Exams of Qualitative research

Transylvania UniversityQualitative research

A comprehensive overview of research methods, focusing on case studies, action research, and quantitative methodologies. It explores the strengths and weaknesses of each method, providing practical examples and explanations. The document also delves into primary methods, including randomized controlled trials, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations, highlighting their advantages and limitations. It concludes with a discussion on interventions, emphasizing their role in improving situations.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/28/2025

brian-peter
brian-peter 🇺🇸

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Research Methods Unit 25.
"What are case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER involve the detailed study of a single
individual, small group, organisation or event. Case studies use information from a
range of sources such as from the person concerned and their families and friends.
Many techniques can be used - the people might be interviewed or they might be
observed while engaged in everyday life. Psychologists might use IQ tests or
personality tests for example. They may even use the experimental method to find out
what the person/group can or can't do."
"Strengths of case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER Detailed - Case studies contain rich
in depth, detailed, qualitative data and also quantitative data. This can provide insights
into the person/s being studied unlike other method
Real Life - Case studies represent real life situations and can help us understand
particular behaviours, organisations, events, etc."
"Weakness of case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER Time consuming - As they can last
months or years it takes a long time, and therefore costs more to complete. You also
have to wait a long time for the outcomes.
Researcher feelings - due to the emotional attachment and longevity of a case study the
researcher(s) might be too subjective.
Generalisation - difficult to apply findings to the wider population as the case is unique
and not necessarily representative of everyone."
"Action Research? - CORRECT ANSWER is a method used for improving practice. It
involves action, evaluation, and critical reflection and - based on the evidence gathered
- changes in practice are then implemented.
For example: Individual action research involves working independently on a project,
such as a school teacher conducting her own, in-class research groject with her
students.
A further example is the number of referrals from GP's to smoking reduction sessions
could be compared before and after they are advertised."
"Strengths of action research: - CORRECT ANSWER The strength of action research
is that it focuses on solving specific problems and has a high chance of influencing
change."
"Weakness of action research - CORRECT ANSWER The weakness however is that it
is not possible to generalise as it has been carried out in a very specific situation. It is
also time consuming"
"How to avoid plaigarism - CORRECT ANSWER Make notes in own words
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Download Research Methods: Case Studies, Action Research, and Quantitative Methodologies and more Exams Qualitative research in PDF only on Docsity!

Research Methods Unit 25.

"What are case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER involve the detailed study of a single individual, small group, organisation or event. Case studies use information from a range of sources such as from the person concerned and their families and friends. Many techniques can be used - the people might be interviewed or they might be observed while engaged in everyday life. Psychologists might use IQ tests or personality tests for example. They may even use the experimental method to find out what the person/group can or can't do." "Strengths of case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER Detailed - Case studies contain rich in depth, detailed, qualitative data and also quantitative data. This can provide insights into the person/s being studied unlike other method Real Life - Case studies represent real life situations and can help us understand particular behaviours, organisations, events, etc." "Weakness of case studies? - CORRECT ANSWER Time consuming - As they can last months or years it takes a long time, and therefore costs more to complete. You also have to wait a long time for the outcomes. Researcher feelings - due to the emotional attachment and longevity of a case study the researcher(s) might be too subjective. Generalisation - difficult to apply findings to the wider population as the case is unique and not necessarily representative of everyone." "Action Research? - CORRECT ANSWER is a method used for improving practice. It involves action, evaluation, and critical reflection and - based on the evidence gathered

  • changes in practice are then implemented. For example: Individual action research involves working independently on a project, such as a school teacher conducting her own, in-class research groject with her students. A further example is the number of referrals from GP's to smoking reduction sessions could be compared before and after they are advertised." "Strengths of action research: - CORRECT ANSWER The strength of action research is that it focuses on solving specific problems and has a high chance of influencing change." "Weakness of action research - CORRECT ANSWER The weakness however is that it is not possible to generalise as it has been carried out in a very specific situation. It is also time consuming" "How to avoid plaigarism - CORRECT ANSWER Make notes in own words

Acknowledging the sources of information/ referencing Clarity in providing questions" "Advantage of Quantitative Methodologies - CORRECT ANSWER The numerical data gathered through quantitative techniques is easy to analyse through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics (statistical tests). Therefore it is easier to come to firm conclusions." "Disadvantage of Quantitative Methodologies - CORRECT ANSWER The data gathered using these techniques is often lacking in depth and meaning and so does not give us a lot of information about the behaviour being studied." "What are primary methods? - CORRECT ANSWER Primary methods are when data is collected 'first hand' by a researcher to test their own research question. The researcher will know exactly how the data was collected and for what purpose" "Strengths of primary methods: - CORRECT ANSWER The researcher can ensure that the research they are conducting is directly and specifically focused on the issues at hand. The procedure can be designed to suit the aim of the research." "Weakness of primary methods: - CORRECT ANSWER Primary data costs more time and money to gather than using secondary sources." "Examples of primary methods: - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Experimental Method ( Randomised Controlled Trial)

  1. Survey/Questionnaires
  2. Interviews
  3. Case studies
  4. Observations
  5. Action Research" "Explain randomised controlled trial: - CORRECT ANSWER A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental form of impact evaluation in which the population receiving the programme or policy intervention is chosen at random from the eligible population, and a control group is also chosen at random from the same eligible population." "Strengths of Randomised Controlled Trial - CORRECT ANSWER Highly controlled which means that we can say that any change in a variable is a result of changing another variable. We can establish cause and effect.

Closed questions - have a set of predetermined answers. The participant may simply tick a box. They produce quantitative data (numbers/statistics). Closed questions can be asked in a number of ways Example- please rate how helpful you found the housing department : Not helpful Very helpful 1 2 3 4 5" "What are Interviews? - CORRECT ANSWER are another way of asking questions, but instead of them being in writing they are verbal! There are 2 types of interviews: structured and unstructured. Both involve verbal questioning of Ps (interviewees) which is usually done face-to-face, but can be over the phone or internet (e.g. Skype)." "Structured interviews - CORRECT ANSWER basically exactly the same as a questionnaire apart from the fact that an interviewer verbally asks the questions. The questions are pre-determined." "Unstructured interviews - CORRECT ANSWER are more like a conversation between the Ps and the interviewer. There will be themes' that the interviewer will want to focus on but there are no standardised questions. The interview can go in any direction that the P or the interviewer desires. They are often voice recorded and transcribed." "Focus Groups - CORRECT ANSWER are interviews held with a group of people who have something in common. For example, they are all care staff working in a day care centre. The questions are pre-set but there is flexibility allowed." "Observations - CORRECT ANSWER involve a researcher(s) watching behaviour in a systematic way. This means they interpret and record the behaviour taking place." "What are the two types of observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Formal and Informal" "Formal? - CORRECT ANSWER these usually take place in a controlled environment and there may be set activities the participants are directed to do. The observer will record using a preset, standardised checklist." "Informal? - CORRECT ANSWER these usually take place in a natural environment where the researchers do not control The observer will have more flexibility about how they record their observations and may make field notes." "Strengths of formal observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviour checklist is easy and quick to complete and can be used by many observers. It is standardised and there are few extraneous variables. More reliable."

"Weakness of formal observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Most P's will know they are being observed so behaviour may not be natural. Less valid." "Strengths of informal observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Reliable More likely to observe natural behaviour as P's may be unaware. Higher validity." "Weakness of Informal Observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Observers have to be more skilled and make field notes which is time consuming. Lower reliability." "Benefits of observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Easy to Conduct Own observation- not reliant on others Easy to record findings Real life behaviour shown" "Limitations of Observations? - CORRECT ANSWER Possible bias in recording Time consuming Difficult to analyse Wide range of different behaviours to record" "Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER these refer to any activity, resource that allows a person's situation to improve. For example, providing a refuge space for women escaping domestic violence. Research in this area might compare the impact of a new intervention, such as a drop in and chat centre in Oldham on loneliness reports amongst vulnerable adults. also, the creation of "at risk" registers for vulnerable people." "Social Care policy - CORRECT ANSWER research can relate to any social care policy, especially "care in the community", for example how much in savings is someone allowed to keep if they are moved into residential care. Researchers might investigate the impact of free playschemes for SEN children on parental well being." "Practices in social care - CORRECT ANSWER a practice can refer to anything a practitioner in a care setting might do, for example how they help a client to get dressed whilst maintaining their dignity. Research might focus on social worker's interview strategies with children they suspect have been mistreated. Also it could be increasing the age that looked after children are supported." "Child development - CORRECT ANSWER children develop physically, socially, emotionally and psychologically. Any aspect of their development could be researched. For example, a comparison between 2 years olds who have been in full time nursery for 6 months with 2 years who have been cared for at home in terms of their language development. For example, the use of the "red book" to chart developmental milestones and norms."

  • It takes more resources to plan. -The researcher has to decide on which categories of the target population to include in the sample and then calculate the percentages. -It is therefore normally done using a computer.
  • Care must be taken to ensure each key characteristic present in the population is selected across strata, otherwise this will design a biased sample." "What is self selecting sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER People choose to sign up to the research and to participate. The participants can opt to join the research by replying to adverts placed by the researcher about the topic and methods being used." "Advantages of self selecting sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER -This often achieves a large sample size through reaching a wide audience, for example with online advertisements. -Quick and relatively easy to do" "Disadvantages of self selecting sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER -Those who respond to the call for volunteers may all display similar characteristics, increasing the chances of yielding an unrepresentative sample. -Can be costly to advertise / predict sample size" "What is systemic sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic method is chosen for selecting from a target group, e.g. every (Nth) fourth person in a list could be used in the sample. It differs from random sampling in that it does not give an equal chance of selection to each individual in the target group" "Advantages of systematic sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER -Removes bias in selection / Equal chance of being selected -Simple and easy" "Disadvantages of systematic sampling: - CORRECT ANSWER -Need a sampling frame, e.g, names of people attending a back pain clinic / data protection issues -Unrepresentative / selected by chance -Some groups could be over or under represented -Cannot make accurate generalisations" "What are the ethical principles? - CORRECT ANSWER • avoid deception
  • maintain anonymity and confidentiality
  • cause no harm
  • allow right to withdraw
  • obtain written informed consent
  • protect and individual" "What is non-maleficence? - CORRECT ANSWER Causing no harm" "What is beneficence? - CORRECT ANSWER doing good- doing something beneficial"

"What are ethics? - CORRECT ANSWER Ethics in the conduct of research is extremely important. Research can directly or indirectly causd psychological, cultural or physical harm to a person. a community or a culture if it disregards the best interests of those who participate" "What is the Data Protection Act/General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and what are the ethical principles? - CORRECT ANSWER The ethical principles are to ensure that only relevant data is collected and the data is only processed matching to the stated purpose. The data must not be altered and must be kept securely. The processing of the information must not breech participants' legal rights and after the data has been used it must be destroyed." "What are ethical review boards? (AKA Institutional Review Board) - CORRECT ANSWER These professional committees are commonly called Ethical Review Board (ERB) or Institutional Review Board (IRB). Their role is to ensure that all research performed at that institution upholds the principles of ethics such that participants are protected from undue risks. So, ethical review boards are a committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical." "Secondary research? - CORRECT ANSWER collection of data from second-hand sources. past research which has already been performed and often already published." " What are the areas of research? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Health

  1. Social Care
  2. Childcare" "What are the 3 points to health? - CORRECT ANSWER Treatment Health Policy Practices in health care" "What are the 3 points in social care? - CORRECT ANSWER Interventions Social care policy Practices in social care" "What are the three points to childcare? - CORRECT ANSWER Child Development Early years and childcare policy Practices in early years and child care" "Treatments - CORRECT ANSWER in this area research could be on any surgical, psychological, mediciné upharmacological drug treatments and therapies for any disorder. For example the impact of gene therapy on breast cancer patients, or how talking therapies benefit teenagers with anorexia."