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experiment
Research project in which the investigator creates initially equivalent groups, systematically manipulates an independent variable, and compares the groups to see if the independent variable affected the subsequent behavior. TERM 2
Covariance rule
DEFINITION 2 One of the criteria for assessing causation such that a causal variable must covary systematically with the variable it is assumed to cause. TERM 3
temporal precedence rule
DEFINITION 3 one of the criteria for assessing causation such that the variable assumed to have a causal affect must precede the effect it is supposed to cause, that is, the cause must come before the effect. TERM 4
external
validity
DEFINITION 4 the property of data such that research results apply to people and situation beyond the particular sample of individual observed in a single research setting. TERM 5
experimental group
DEFINITION 5 the group or groups in an experiment that receives a treatment that might affect the behavior of the individuals in that group
control group
group in an experiment that receives either no treatment or a standard treatment with which new treatments are compared TERM 7
placebo group
DEFINITION 7 in medical research, the comparison group that receives what appears to be a treatment, but which actually has not effect, providing a comparison with an intervention that is being evaluated. TERM 8
selection threat
DEFINITION 8 a threat to the internal validity of a study such that groups to be compared differ before being exposed to different experimental treatments, so any differences after treatment could be due to the initial differences rather than to the independent variable TERM 9
maturation threat
DEFINITION 9 threat to internal validity of a study due to short or long term changes in a participant because of psychological changes like boredom, fatigue, or because of physical maturation. TERM 10
attrition(morality)threat
DEFINITION 10 threat to internal validity of a study when participants drop out of a study, leading to a change in the nature of the sample
confound variable
variable that is not controlled by an experimenter but that has a systematic effect on a behavior in at least one group in an experiment. TERM 17
selection threat example
DEFINITION 17 Participants are not randomly assigned to conditions, groups to be compared may differ before treatment. TERM 18
Maturation threat example
DEFINITION 18 In short term people become fatigue, bored, or they may learn how to perform better with practice on a task, so behaviors differ due to changes in psychological states.This changes are able to affect the behavior but not the treatment. TERM 19
attrition threat example
DEFINITION 19 if people with certain characteristics drop out there may be a biasing effect so that the remaining sample contains people who are very different from the original sample. TERM 20
cover
story
DEFINITION 20 fictitious story used to disguise the true purpose of a study from the participants
blind study
research design where the investigators, the participants, or both are not aware of the treatment that each participant is receiving. TERM 22
single blind study
DEFINITION 22 research design in which either the investigator or the participant is not aware of the treatment a participant is receiving TERM 23
hawthorne effect
DEFINITION 23 tendency of participants to act differently from normal in research because they know they are being observed TERM 24
demand characteristics
DEFINITION 24 tendency on the part of the participant to act differently after picking up clues as to the apparent purpose of the study TERM 25
evaluation apprehension
DEFINITION 25 tendency to feel inadequate or to experience unease when one is being observed
