Reproductive,
Systems
Chapter,16
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reproductive system slideshow Material Type: Notes; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Schoolcraft College; Term: Forever 1989;
Typology: Study notes
2009/2010
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Reproductive
Systems
Chapter 16
Functions of the
Reproductive Systems
Ȉ Produce gametes ( eggs & sperm ) in the gonads ( ovaries & testes )
Ȉ Produce sex hormones
Ȃ Ovaries produce estrogens ( mainly estradiol ) Ȃ Testes produce androgens ( mainly testosterone )
Ȉ Facilitate sexual intercourse
Ȉ Produce offspring
Scrotum
Ȉ Sac enclosing the testes
Ȉ Spermatic cord suspends testis in scrotum
Ȃ Consists of vas deferens, blood & lymph vessels, autonomic nerves, and smooth muscle
Ȉ Cremaster muscle adjusts the position of the testes
Ȃ Optimal temp for spermatogenesis is 2-‐ degree Celsius below core body temp
Ȉ Glans ( head of penis )
Ȃ Enlargement of the distal end of the corpus spongiosum
Ȃ Distal urethra forms the external urethral orifice
Ȃ Covered by prepuce (foreskin) Ȉ Removed in circumcision
Testes
Ȉ Produce sperm and androgens
Ȉ Sperm is produced in seminiferous tubules Ȃ Spermatogenic cells produce sperm
Ȃ Cells between tubules (interstitial cells) produce male hormones
Spermatogenesis
Ȉ Spermatogonia produce primary spermatocytes
Ȃ Undergo meiosis to produce spermatids Ȉ Sperm cells have 23 chromosomes
Ȃ As they mature, they acquire a tail and become functional sperm
Sperm Anatomy
Ȉ The sperm head contains the nucleus Ȃ DNA consists of haploid (half) number of chromosomes
Ȉ The acrosome contains enzymes which help the sperm enter the ovum
Epididymis
Ȉ Composed of coiled ducts (~20 ft) that receive fluid and sperm from the seminiferous tubules Ȃ Leads from the testes to the vas deferens Ȃ Site of sperm maturation
Ȉ At ejaculation, peristalsis of smooth muscle of ducts in the epididymis propels sperm into the vas deferens
Ȃ Sperm not ejaculated degenerate and are reabsorbed
Ȃ Viable sperm can also linger here for several weeks!
Accessory Glands
Ȉ Secrete most of fluid in semen
Ȃ Only 5% of semen consists of sperm
Ȉ Accessory glands include:
Ȃ Seminal vesicles Ȃ Prostate gland Ȃ ȋǯȌ
Accessory Glands
Ȉ Seminal Vesicles
Ȃ Attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder
Ȃ Secrete 60% of fluid, including: Ȉ Sugars (fructose) that provides energy to sperm cells
Ȉ Prostaglandins to enhance sperm motility Ȃ Stimulate muscle contractions within the female