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BIOL 105
Lecture Outline Chapter 19 Ȃ Reproductive Systems Read Chapter 16 (pp. 544-‐582) Complete review questions (pp. 580-‐ͷͺͳȌ͓ǯǣͳ -‐10, 14-‐19, 21, 23, 25-‐ Functions of the Reproductive Systems
- Produce ________________________ ( egg and sperm ) in the ________________________ ( testes and ovaries )
- Produce ________________________________________ Ovaries produce estrogens (mainly estradiol) Testes produce androgens (mainly testosterone)
- Facilitate sexual intercourse
- Produce offspring Male Reproductive Anatomy External Anatomy: Scrotum and penis Internal Anatomy: Testes o Seminiferous tubules Ducts: o Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra Accessory glands: o Seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate Scrotum Sac enclosing the ________________________ ___________________________________________ suspends the testis in the scrotum Consists of vas deferens, blood and lymph vessels, autonomic nerves, and smooth muscle ___________________________________________ adjusts the position of the testes Optimal temperature for spermatogenesis is 2 3 degrees Celsius below core body temperature Penis Conveys ________________________ and ________________________ through the urethra to the outside
Consists of ________ columns of erectile tissue Contain blood sinuses and the urethra o ________ corpora cavernosa o ________ corpus spongiosum Surrounds the urethra ________________________ (head of the penis) Enlargement of the distal end of the corpus spongiosum Distal urethra forms the external urethral orifice Covered by ________________________ (foreskin) o Removed during circumcision Testes Produce ________________________ and ________________________ Sperm is produced in the ___________________________________________________________________ Spermatogenic cells produce sperm Cells between tubules (interstitial cells) produce male hormones Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia produce primary spermatocytes Undergo ________________________ to produce ________________________ o Sperm cells have __________ chromosomes As spermatids mature, they acquire a ________________________ and become fully functional Sperm Anatomy The sperm head contains the ________________________ DNA consists of haploid (half) number of chromosomes The _____________________________ contains enzymes which help the sperm enter the ovum Mitochondria supply ATP for ______________________________________ The _____________________________ (tail) whips back and forth, propelling the sperm
Secrete 25% of the fluid, including: ________________________ substances to neutralize the hostile acidic environment of the male urethra and female vagina Other substances to enhance sperm motility Bulbourethral glands ( ǯs ) Located ________________________ to the prostate gland Secrete ________________________ to lubricate the passage of sperm through the urethra Arousal & Ejaculation During arousal arteries to the penis ________________________ Fill sinuses within the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum with blood ( erection ) Prior to ejaculation, accessory glands release their fluid into the ejaculatory duct Ejaculation involves a ______________________________________ reflex Sphincter at the base of the bladder closes Contractions of the vas deferens propel sperm into the urethra and out via the external urethral orifice Hormonal Control: Male The ______________________________________ releases gonadotropin-‐releasing hormone (GnRH) that targets the anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary then releases its own hormones in response o Target the male (and female) gonads Endocrine review time..... Hormones of Reproduction ________________________________________________________________________ (GnRH) Released by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, which then releases FSH and LH ________________________________________________________________________ (FSH) Causes cells in seminiferous tubules to take up testosterone ( spermatogenesis ), and ripens the follicle in the female ovary ________________________________________________ (LH) Simulates cells in the testes to make testosterone, and causes ovulation in the female
________________________________________
Produced by cells in the testes Stimulates sperm production Develops male sex characteristics during fetal development and at puberty
Develops female sex characteristics during fetal development and at puberty Influences the ovarian/menstrual cycle
Influences the ovarian/menstrual cycle, and maintains pregnancy Female Reproductive Anatomy Internal Anatomy: Ovaries Uterine tubes ( also called fallopian tubes ) Uterus Vagina External Anatomy: Vulva (pudendum) o Mons pubis o Labia and vestibule o Clitoris o ǯ Ovaries Produce ________________________ (eggs) via oogenesis Produce female sex hormones Oogenesis Similar to spermatogenesis Diploid (2N) stem cells undergo ________________________ Produces haploid (n) ________________________ cells (ova) Differs from spermatogenesis Division of the _____________________________ is unequal, resulting in only one (very large) functional egg plus 2 or 3 nonfunctional polar bodies
Enclose inner genital structures
Located at anterior junction of labia minora
Contains _____________________________ tissue and ________________________ o Only function is sexual arousal
Region between labia minora Includes: o Vaginal orifice bordered by the ________________________ o External urethral orifice for passing ________________________ o Barthoǯ̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ Female Reproductive Cycle The female reproductive cycle consists of the events that occur simultaneously in both the ovaries and the uterus: ________________________ cycle involves the maturation of the ovum (egg cell) ________________________ cycle ( menstrual cycle ) involves the changes in the endometrium of the uterus What happens in the ovary? The ________________________________________________ secretes GnRH Targets the anterior pituitary gland The anterior pituitary gland then secretes ________________________ and ________________________ Target the ovaries In the ovary, FSH stimulates the ripening of a _____________________________, a pocket that holds an egg cell (ovum) The maturing follicle secretes increasing amounts of _____________________________ into the bloodstream Thickens the endometrium of the uterus Æ preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg A sudden surge of LH causes ________________________________________ Follicle ruptures and releases the egg into the oviduct (fallopian tube)
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ȋDz yellow body dzȌ Secretes estrogen and progesterone Æ maintains the uterine lining If fertilization and pregnancy occur: Corpus luteum stays ________________________________________________ o Secretes enough estrogen and progesterone to inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary from secreting GnRH, FSH, and LH Without these hormones, the ovary cannot ripen any more follicles! If pregnancy does not occur: If a fertilized egg does not reach the lining of the uterus, the corpus luteum
o Without a functional corpus luteum, progesterone and estrogen levels decline o Low estrogen and progesterone can no longer maintain the endometrium, and it starts to break down Maintaining the Corpus Luteum (and the pregnancy!) ________________________________________________ needs to stay high in order for the endometrium to support a developing embryo ǯ Æ secretes its own hormone that maintains the corpus luteum Hormone -‐ ________________________________________________________________________ (HCG)
