Regulatory Techniques for Pest Control: Quarantine, Eradication, and Additional Tools, Slides of Pest Management

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Regulatory Tactics – 4 Categories

1. Prevention of Entry
2. Eradication – 2 steps
   • Domestic Quarantine
   • Eradication
3. Retardation – Often used when eradication fails
4. Mitigation of Losses

Quarantine as a Regulatory

Technique

• Inspections – Intensity of inspection dictated by level of Pest Risk (cf. pp 232 – 233) - Point-of-Origin (Phytosanitary Certificate) - Point-of-Entry - Field Inspections - Regional Inspections & Surveys
• Quarantine Effectiveness
  • considered a temporary control
  • Eradication planning is always part of a quarantine

Quarantine Examples

• Citrus Canker in Florida – Spatio-temporal map shows the quarantine is a losing battle
• Golden Nematode in NY – Quarantined successfully since before WWII
• Mediterranean Fruit Fly – On-going battle

Eradication

• May be primary or secondary to quarantine - Secondary to Quarantine. Eradication backs up a quarantine. Requires; - Pest detection at low levels - Ability to mobilize quickly - Controls must be effective & used excessively - Reintroduction is barred - Example – Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Eradication Pros

• Once the pest is gone, no more costs
• Long term avoidance of adverse effects of pest management actions
• Eradication of a key pest may also eliminate other pests (e.g. secondary pests)
• Eradication of key pests makes non-chemical control of other pests more feasible
• New technologies make eradication more feasible

Eradication Cons

• Low chance of success, most successes have been with eradication as secondary to quarantine
• Incurs exceptionally high environmental impact
• Removal of a pest has unpredictable impact on system

Control Districts

A jurisdictional area such as a county or group of counties, specifically identified as a district in which the presence of a certain pest is prohibited or controlled through a public agency. Most common types:

• Plant control – landowners responsible for control & subject to fine.
• Mosquito – Public agency has the right to implement control on private land

Enforced Crop Production Rules

IPM techniques is that are required by statute or ordinance, imposed on all growers in a given area, and enforced, usually by penalty. Major types:

• Crop or Host-Free Periods
• Planting Date Restrictions
• Cultivar Restrictions
• Compulsory Sanitation Measures

GMO-Related Regulation

• FDA, EPA & USDA are principal GMO regulatory bodies in the US - FDA: Regulates food crops if they contain - Something new to the human diet - Something that warrants suspicion (e.g. a toxin) - EPA: Regulates crops containing pesticides - USDA mostly regulate crop development, testing, and release. If crop contains pesticides, USDA & EPA jointly regulate.

Crop Use

Crop Production

IPM Implementation

• Chapter 19 – Societal and Environmental Limitations to IPM Tactics - Societal constraints and public attitudes - Environmental issues
• Chapter 18 – IPM Programs: Development and Implementation
• Chapter 20 – IPM into the Future