Download The Reformation: A Pivotal Period in European History - Prof. Joseph P. Byrne and more Study notes School management&administration in PDF only on Docsity!
Reformation
Leading up to…
There were still prince bishops o Church in political control Born, baptized right away o Followed by other sacraments Church takes care of all of your needs o Education, welfare, health-care, orphanages Civic grammar schools start – monopoly breaks down a bit o Universities still the church Hospitals still connected to the church, were also like nursing homes Simony – selling of indulgences – illegal trafficking of Church’s stuff o Simon saw Peter’s miracles, asked to buy Peter’s tricks o Peter: you can’t sell the things of God o i.e., selling the church’s positions o Protestants really sank teeth into Simony Church – rents, tolls, port taxes – had nothing to do with God Abuses of Sacerdotal Status o Use of spiritual powers for purely political reasons o Luther and Erasmus disagreed with this Black Death o Priests, notaries, health care professionals were at the death bed, so they often caught the plague and died in the highest numbers o After that a lot of priests were kind of thrown into it. Many were illiterate. Erasmus didn’t like this at all Problems of leadership o The fish rots first from the head o String of bad, evil popes Alexander VI – nepotism Spent lots of money on art, seen as frivolous 1510 – Luther visits Rome, is disgusted by this Pope Julius Has old St. Pete torn down so he can put his tomb at the center of the new one Leo X – 1512 – Medici Not evil, just a bad pastor o 1530 – string of good popes starts, but damage has been done Biblical Humanism o Offshoot of xtian humanism o Valla Donation of Constantine – Fraud, language and material wrong Pope was amused, but didn’t change anything Vulgate ≠ Scripture, 60 years before Luther o Ad fontes – to the source, what humanism was about In ref – it’s the bible Without humanism and printing there would be no ref o Polyglot – multilingual o Vernacular bibles Church just didn’t want bibles in the hands of everyone, heresy can grow There were bibles that weren’t in Latin, bishop just had to approve it Erasmus wants everyone to have a bible o Brethren of the Common Life Produce educated laymen – middle class Feelings of religious responsibility Very good schools – both Erasmus and Luther attended one
Bible and classical humanism Self-reform – you should pray for yourself o Thomas a Kempis 1 st^ 2 books about personal piety 3 rd^ book catholic, about sacraments Find spirituality within, interior life, take charge
Martin Luther
Sola fides – faith alone Sola scripture – only scripture o Product of revelations, product of faith Faith is all you need for salvation, no ration or reason (nominalists) o Reason has its own place o Catholic Church applied reason and had for years o Luther – reason leads you bad places God will reward us for doing our best No more natural and unavoidable sinfulness o Medieval – we were all totally sinful, couldn’t help it, Luther counters this How good can he be? o Tried to be the best monk possible, brought him suffering o Scrupulous Grace will make you your best Luther became a monk after being caught in a storm Left monastery, married a former nun o He and his wife often had guests o There was always someone writing down his conversations, that’s where we get to know Luther Predestinarian – Lutherism eventually loses this o Faith alone saves – grace builds faith – grace comes from god God alone saves you, chooses who to save, it’s all in god’s hands Very Augustinian ≠ catholic It’s in Paul, Luther and Calvinism pick it up o This issue separates him from Erasmus (humanist, free will) Erasmus – you yourself stand before God, take control/responsibility of your own spiritual life/salvation o Still catholic o Luther sees ally in Erasmus the critic and moral theologian Catholic – w/out faith you can’t be saved o “no salvation w/out the church” – condemned belief God can save who he wants, it isn’t the church’s job to say o Faith is necessary but not sufficient o Epistle of James – faith w/out works is dead Roll of works o Are they beneficial? o Judgment – works and deeds (biblical) Priesthood of all believers o Minister pastors o Priesthood is wrong – borrowed from Jesus Based on Peter – everyone is his/her own priest 1507-12 – becomes a priest, studies scripture 1512-17 – studies book of Romans 1517 – attacks a guy who was selling indulgences 1518-20 – 1520 – pissed off at Church, it won’t change, he thinks he’s right. They must be attacked; he must free the Church from the Catholics. Got secular gov’t involved, nobles and lords were typically in his favor. He wants to liberate xtians from CHURCH law. 1525 – Peasants rebellion, Luther blamed
Baptism is free will, can’t thrust that on a child o Live together in separation from the world (like amish) Legally and physically separate Reflection of monasticism, but done as groups Radical pacifists o What Jesus said o No war, no defending (in god’s hands), don’t defend against other religions (lots of martyrs) 3 virtues o Radical love (even enemy) o Self-surrender, goes with discipleship o Self-sacrifice Saw selves as true church, suffering church o Rise of xtianity was bad, a church that’s not persecuted isn’t a real church 1525 – Zurich, Anabaptists, Blourock (ex-priest) o Conrad Grebel – baptizer, middle of winter 1526 – rebaptism made illegal 1527 – first martyr Manz. Drowned in river o Meeting of community leaders, decided on set of confessions o The Schleitheim Confessions p 208 Hulfman – end times is near The Jans – 1534 – gained control of Munster, Anabaptists o End of the world o New Jerusalem o The King of Righteousness o 12 elders, new moral code, outlawed sinning o New Israelites o Polygamy o War, pure OT o Jans executed in 1535 He was a big problem for the rest of the Anabaptists Menso Simons, b. 1492 o Catholic Priest, but really non-denominational o After Munster he made it his life’s work to show good face of Anabaptists o 1540 – Foundation of the Christian Doctrine Outlined fundamentals of Anabaptists Mennonites formed
Erasmus
b. 1466 Mother was pharisian’s daughter Father was a catholic priest (uh oh) At nine entered Brethren of Common Life school, 8 years Exposed to Modern Devotion – Christ/scripture based Humanities – very well educated No family, enters Augustanian Monastery o Hated it, 9 years torture, physical discomfort o Hated how people were forced into monasteries o Hated the hypocrisy of it Becomes secretary, never wants to leave the world again o Still gets money from Church system though he never has cure of souls University of Paris, M. College o Studies theology and xtian humanism Earl of Mt. Joy, goes to England 1500 1501 – Handbook for Militant Christians (xtian knight)
o Written for a male (defeat, victory, rah!) importance of rhetoric Knew his audience, adopted their language He was a pansy, pacifist, himself Lorenzo Valla – studies him (donation of Constantine was fake guy) o “annotations to NT” – footnotes, sort of for scholars stuff 1516 – Scholarly edition of Greek NT (took ten years) o Doctorate of Divinity Fails to be a reformer, he’s a CRITIC o Not heroic, but very influential
John Calvin
b. 1509 – reformed priest 2 nd^ generation reformer, not contemporaries with the others The reform tradition – Calvinism’s preferred term o Puritans, presb, hugenauts Reformer of Catholic tradition AND protestant traditions, “watershed” Humanities training o Xtian humanist background o Father had him change to law for money Probably something else going on there…don’t know what Luther was almost exclusively German o Wrote almost only in german o Most Lutherans are german to this day Calvin creates consciously international church o Saw how limited Luther was Institutes of the Christian Religion – 1534, he was 25 o Knowledge of oneself Calvin was not a part of the Catholic hierarchy like Z and Luther, didn’t get anywhere in Geneva the first time he went Geneva 1541 – Godfather-like position, like Medici o Reform Geneva Believed in predestination o There are the saved and the damned o They walk together on the earth Should have Rulership by Saints (saved) o No real way of knowing, certitude doesn’t exist o There are some people who have effect on own destiny o Double predestination – those who are not saved are damned o SF, SS, not so big on Priesthood of all Believers Establishment of Calvinism Wasn’t recognized, not really an option for those already reformed Schmalkadic League – 1531 o German princes for different city-states (marks) w/in empire o They became lutheranized o League against Charles V, the HREmperor o They go to war, want recognition, he wouldn’t give it to them Support by French, who hated HRE (French king was catholic) o Peace of Augsburg – 1555, lasts until 1618 Cuius region, eius religio – the religion of the ruler will be the religion of the people o 1555 – Calvinism still not recognized o Rulers can allow whoever they want – enlightened Some realized that intolerance is a stupid economic policy France o Francis I 1515- Catholic, didn’t like Protestantism or the HRE Scholar, Humanistically educated, patron of arts (da Vinci)
o Catholic – cleaning house, reforming own church, 15th^ Century o Counter – challenging Protestantism o Concilian Movement – dead by 1452 o Pope Julius – sucked, awful pope, militant o Leo X – Medici Pope 1513-21, not a pastor Luther attacks him, he snaps back, Luther goes at him again o 4 th^ Lateran Council 1512- Addresses the problems of the church Gave Leo a book with the problems Never did anything about it – ineffective leader o Adrian IV – non-italian Did NOTHING 1521- o Clement VII – Another Medici Educated, sophisticated, very ineffective o Paul V – good pope Asked Erasmus to become a Cardinal at the head of the reform, he said no Calls council of Trent to fix the catholic church Jesuits o Society of Jesus o Founded by Basque – Ignatius of Loyola He was a catholic knight Leg problems involving a cannon ball Couldn’t imagine going through life as a gimp The 2nd^ time he rebroke his leg to set it, it didn’t take, accepted it Read religious books in Spanish (didn’t know latin) Wanted to become missionary, monasteries didn’t fit him Started something new, but at first the church didn’t want any new orders o The Spiritual Exercises 1520s Takes believer on journey, experiential Takes spirit before great scenes of biblical history Suffer along w/Christ after you feel empathy, spiritual side Then place yourself IN the scene Develop spiritual strength o Decides to get educated at University of Paris- Montague College Learns latin at youth schools, humbles self Stands out as charismatic figure Montmarte – where he and his followers went at first Pope eventually embraces him His group would be dedicated to surving the papacy (unquestioning devotion) o Male only, all priests, but will teach anyone at their schools 13 years of education o Spiritual and intellectual o Independence of reason o Strong reason and faith = certitude o Created schools Stopped Protestantism (kids were schooled as catholics) Non-bloody anti-heretical success o New World Sensitive to natives, learned their languages Montaigne o Lives in a very fragmented world o Wars of religion just beginning, tensions were out there o Had Calvinist family members o French, lower nobility, humanistic education o Issues: who’s right? Is anyone? How do you judge? o Skeptic: flaws – believe b/c someone tells you to
Experiences can deceive you Reason can be destroyed o Undermines every basis we have for gaining knowledge o No firm basis for claiming knowledge No way to judge No way to fight to defend your position o Fideism * faith-ism, fall back on your own faith (spiritual) Stays catholic, default position Erasmean in many ways o Rises b/c of what Protestantism has done Opens new doors, uncertainty o What do we know? – epistemology Why/how can we claim to know what we claim to know o Decline in spiritual faith, rise in different “faculties” that were given to people by god o Different faculties: faith, human reason, senses, experiences, intuition, instinct, revelation, emotion/passions All faculties minus revelation are flawed, not universal, dismisses reason as a tool for reaching judgement/conclusions Senses and passions form reason, they’re flawed, which is why reason’s flawed o Tom Aq – our reason is flawed b/c of original sin o Mont – different people answering the same questions will come to different conclusions – it’s relative, disagreements o Religion is not of our world He has been drawn towards Catholicism – Fideism o Conclusion – for him, he only has one option Not preaching that everyone is going to end the same way God has to PULL you You can’t persecute those who have different opinions Can’t argue religion, reason is wrong o He believes in absolute truth People can’t see it, but it’s there o Skeptics – faith = “I don’t know” supersicions o Skeptics – suspend judgment o There is no way to judge another o TOLERANCE
Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution
o Decline of faith due to Reformation between 16th^ and 18th^ C o Authority dogma enemy of skepticism That which MUST be believed o Undermine authority, dogma reduced to another opinion o Reformation accidently undermines xtianity as a whole, faith is just an opinion o Religion of Science – age of reason o Roland Copernicus – Catholic priest Truths on Earth – Plato to Aristotle Plato – no truth in this world b/c it is always changing But there are constants… Humanists – look at man as man Start looking scientifically at people Natural philosophy into natural science (to know) Aristotle’s truths – natural world Becomes very popular o Copernicus challenges authority of Aristotle Scientific method (he doesn’t know this, but has sense of it) Truth of this world Science (Political, Social) imply method, dogmatic quality Co isn’t a natural scientist, but he has great intuition o Pope Greogory hires Cop to create a better calendar
o He took 25% of all the land of England o First gave town option to purchase cathedrals o Took lots of these churches for Anglican church More archbishops so none have big say (like when there were only two) o 1539 – 6 articles – sheet o Look very catholic o Edward’s time o Very radically protestant time o Throw priests out of country o Mary after Edward dies o Tries to bring back Catholicism o Elizabeth o Most brilliant ruler of England since Henry II o Protestant, but not hard-core o Middle position – spans puritans who want to be radical protestant Parliament becomes puritan/protestant Keeps them happy, keeps them in check o Hatred of Catholicism – black Legend (spain is inhumane in New World) o Never married
