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The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century 09/07/
Background to the Reformation : Renaissance of the 15th century prepares for reformation of Europe. The Growth of State Power o New monarchies- renaissance states attempt to control gov't and church and concentrate royal authority- absolute monarch- Louis XIV o Niccolò Machiavelli- The Prince the end justifies the means. Social Changes in the Renaissance o peasants 85-90% of Europe o extremely poor 30-40%- support religious reform The Impact of Printing o Johannes Gutenberg made bibles/ religious ideas more available and spread rapidly. o Printing allowed Europe to compete w. China. Prelude to Reformation o Christian Humanism- Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) planted seed for Luther. o It's about philosophy, not relics, sacraments, pilgrimages etc. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation o "The Renaissance Popes failed to meet church's needs. War- like, money and power-hungry o relics and indulgences, very corrupt Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany Monk and Prof. @ University of Wittenberg (1513-16) Justification by faith alone; upset by indulgences Ninety-Five Theses
calls for a reformed German Church, overthrow papacy. Excommunicated- Jan 1521 appear before reichstag, refused to denounce beliefs. Elector Frederick of Saxony stepped in to protect Luther. Lutheran churches in Germany and Scandinavia- state supervised. Politics and Religion in the German Reformation o Emperor Charles V tries to defeat Lutheran princes in 1546. Unable, he agrees to a truce. End of religious warfare in Germany 1555 (Peace of Augsburg). o Rulers were free to choose religious of their subjects, but no religious toleration in the truce. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) cathedral priest Zürich
o preaching gospel, destroying papal Christianity. o Sought alliance with Luther, but did not agree on Communion. (Luther took it literally, Zwingli, figuatively) o Oct. 1531- war between Catholic and protestant states- Zwingli wounded and killed. o passed leadership to John Calvin Calvin and Calvinism (1509-1564) France o fled to Geneva, Switzerland (1536) o Predestination- elect and damned. o reform in Geneva Consistory- for enforcing moral discipline; court punished for dancing, drunkenness, swearing, playing cards The English Reformation - rooted in politics, not religion o King Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherin of Aragon (no male heir) and marry Anne Boleyn. Pope would not allow.
o Francis Xavier - traveled to Asia to convert. A Reformed Papacy o Pope Paul III (1534-49) appointed a reform committee, who blamed problems on corrupt policies of popes and cardinals. Recognized Jesuits and Council of Trent The Council of Trent o March 1545 (through 1563)- group of church officials met in Trent (Germany/Italy) o Continue to oppose protestants o Scripture and Tradition are EQUAL Only the church can interpret scripture o Purgatory and indulgences strengthened, but cannot be sold.
Europe in Crisis, 1560-1650 09/07/
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century Religious, economic, social and political The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) o Huguenots 7% total (French Calvinists) 40-50% of the nobility were Huguenots --> political threat o Towns and provinces resist monarchy and revolt o Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre was crowned as king Henry IV (1589-1610). Converted to Catholicism. Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598- Catholicism official religion, but gives freedom of religion to Huguenots Philip II and Militant Catholicism o greatest advocate of militant Catholicism- Philip II "The Most Catholic King" (King of Spain + Holy Roman Empire) son of Charles V. Spanish political and cultural greatness. Monarchical authority Strict conformity to Catholicism attempt to control Netherlands Nobles oppose attempt to crush Calvinism o Violence in 1566-1609 revolt ended by recognizing the independence of northern Netherlands provinces. o Spain seemed powerful, but was broke, no armed forces and poor government The England of Elizabeth o Elizabeth Tudor (Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) (1558) religious moderation and compromise mostly protestant church (she ruled it) moderate.
A Military Revolution? o 1560-1650 revolutions in the science of warfare, because of the increasing pressure for a nation to build military to become successful. o larger armies and navies= expensive!! = taxes o More power to state governments
Response to Crisis:
The Practice of Absolutism 09/07/
France Under Louis XIV (1643-1715) absolute monarch (divine-right) Court of Louis XIV was imitated by all of Europe Political Institutions: o Versailles, outside Paris personal household of the king central governmental machinery nobility o Louis eliminated all other policymakers by moving them into the court life and out of politics. The Economy and the Military o Jean-Baptiste Colbert- pushed mercantilism o Louis waged four wars between 1167- o Huge Military o left France poor with lots of enemies. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe new powers: Prussia Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) laid foundation o inherited land with no natural defense. o Built army of 40,000; 4th largest in Europe o General War Commissariat Austria o Habsburgs
England and Limited Monarchy 09/07/
Conflict Between King and Parliament Q. Elizabeth died; cousin King James VI takes throne Puritans want to rid all roman Catholicism from the Anglican church, James defends it. o Many Puritans in the House of Commons of Parliament, who were alienated by James' divine right theories. Charles I (son of James VI) caused Puritans to leave to America. Civil War and Commonwealth civil war (1642-1648) New Model Army (Oliver Cromwell) caused parliamentary forces to win and execute Charles. Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. England=commonwealth. Cromwell didn't work well with Parliament--> military dictatorship Cromwell's death 1658- army puts Charles II in power. Restoration and a Glorious Revolution William of Orange and James' protestant daughter Mary invaded England and the royal family fled to France. affirmed parliament's right to make laws and taxes
The Flourishing of European Culture 09/07/
Art: The Baroque began in Italy end of 1500s and spread to Europe and Latin America dramatic effects, grandeur Gian Lorenzo Bernini- St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican Art: Dutch Realism Dutch commerce success= dutch art and painting neither classical nor baroque Leyster: woman painter A Golden Age of Literature in England Elizabethan Era: Shakespeare
