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Anatomy and Physiology: A Comprehensive Guide to Human Body Systems, Exams of Physiology

A detailed overview of the human body's major systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, integumentary, endocrine, digestive, and genitourinary systems. It covers key anatomical structures, physiological processes, common disorders and diseases, and examples of injuries. The document also includes exercises and questions to test understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/12/2025

Smartsolutions
Smartsolutions šŸ‡ŗšŸ‡ø

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RC EMR - CH4 Anatomy and Physiology 100% Verified
It helps to learn and _______ the structures underneath the skin.
visualize
8 examples of heart disorders and diseases:
1. myocardial infarction
2. angina
3. ischema
4. aneurysm
5. atherosclerosis ex. coronary artery disease (CAD)
6. external and internal bleeding
7. hypertension
8. congestive heart failure
Lateral
away from the midline
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RC EMR - CH4 Anatomy and Physiology 100% Verified

It helps to learn and _______ the structures underneath the skin. visualize 8 examples of heart disorders and diseases:

  1. myocardial infarction
  2. angina
  3. ischema
  4. aneurysm
  5. atherosclerosis ex. coronary artery disease (CAD)
  6. external and internal bleeding
  7. hypertension
  8. congestive heart failure

Lateral away from the midline

the lymphatic system does these three things:1. removal of excess fluid from body tissue

  1. absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat to the circulatory system
  2. formation of white blood cells and initiation of immuinty through the formation ofantibodies (resistance of antibodies)

Medial toward the midline

the lymphatic system transports lymphs by:Peristalsis

which is the operation of semilunar valves in the lymph veins (milking) Lymph circulates throughout the human body via multiple mechanisms, includingarterial pulsation, compression of lymphatic vessels during skeletal muscle contraction, and peristalsis within the lymph capillaries

Anterior / ventral

what are the three defenses the immune system uses?1. innate defense

  1. non specific responses to infection
  2. specific defense

points on a limb that are closer to the trunk are described as: Proximal

describing points of the limb that are farther away from the trunk distal, when referring to the arms and legs

innate defenses1. physical (skin)

  1. chemical (sweat and sebum, which contain antiseptic molecules)

what is important to refer to when determining which organ is affect by an injury?the quadrants

Non-specific responses to infection

  1. Inflammation (release of histamine causes capillarie dilation)
  2. fevers (white blood cells release a chemical that causes a need of higher body temp)

what side of the body is the spleen on?Upper left region of the abdomen cavity

specific defence An antigen specific defence

what are the five major body cavities1. cranial cavity

  1. spinal cavity
  2. thoracic cacity
  3. abdominal cavity

caused by injury or illness

What are Lymphocytes? what are two types / examples? what system are they apart of?

  1. white blood cells
  2. B cells and T cells
  3. part of the body's immune system

list parts of the basic human cell

  1. plasma cell membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. Golgi
  4. mitochondria
  1. endoplasmic reticulum
  2. ribosome
  3. lysosome

Four things Lymphocytes B Cells can do

  1. responsible for humoral immunity
  2. produce antibodies that mark bacteria for destruction
  3. with age they learn to recognize certain antigens
  4. some cells become memory b cells that live longer

Three parts to the respiratory system includes: pharynx, larynx, trachea

Lymphocytes T Cells

  1. protects the body from intracellular pathogens

what controls the breath processmedulla obloganta

____ enters the body and binds with _____ which sit on ____ cells. alergen antibodies mast / specialized WBC

what assists the diaphragm during breathing accessory muscles (between the ribs)

when an alergen binds with a the antibody, the mast cell releases _____ and othermediators that cause allergy symptons histamine

what are 8 examples of injurys, disorders, and diseases that affect the respiratorysystem:

  1. asthma
  2. bronchitis
  1. pneumonia
  2. pulmonary embolism
  3. pulmonary edema
  4. airway obstruction
  5. hemothorax
  6. Chronic Obstuctive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

in an anaphlatic reaction, a massive amount histamine causes widespread ______ ,______ collapse , and severe _______-constriction vasodilation circulatory broncho-constriction

what 4 systems does the breathing require to work together1. respiratory system

7 examples of injuries, disorders, and deseases that affect the nervous system

  1. Parkinsons
  2. multible sclerosis (MS)
  3. Amyotropic lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  4. cord injury
  5. brain tumor
  6. concussion
  7. stroke/transcent ischemic attack

4 examples of agonal respiration

  1. snorting
  2. gurguling
  3. moaning
  1. gasping

how many muscles in the bodymore than 600

( Heart ) Oxygen-poor blood passes through the _______ _______, and passes into the ____________

right atrium right ventricle

4 classifications of bones. L.I.F.S.

  1. Long ( femur, radius, tibia)
  2. Irregular (face, vertebrae, sesamoid [embeded bones])
  3. Flat (strrnum, scapula)
  1. sprains
  2. straines
  3. dislocations
  4. fractures
  5. carple tunnle syndrome osteoporosis

once blood is oxygenated it returns to the heart through the __________ ________ andenters the _______ ______ pulmonary vessels left atrium

what are the 3 parts of the integumentary system?

  1. skin
  2. hair
  3. nails

where does blood come from after being pumped into the large aorta left ventricle

5 examples of what skin consists of?1. epidermis

  1. dermis
  2. sweat glands
  3. oil glands
  4. hair roots

explain the circulatory cycle in 3 steps

  1. oxygen in the blood is transferred to the cells
  2. veins carry the oxygen poor blood back to the heart.
  3. the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen before pumping it to otherbody parts.

7 examples of diseases, disorders, and injuries to the integumentary system

  1. hormones
  2. thyroid gland

Arteries are ______ pressure tubes that carry oxygenated blood high

5 types of endocrine glands1. pituitary gland

  1. thyroid gland
  2. parathyroid glands
  3. adrenal gland
  4. pineal gland

Veins are _______ pressure tubes that carry oxygen-poor bloodlower

3 examples of diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the endocrine system

1. TBI

  1. thyroid cancer
  2. type 1 and 2 diabetes

capillaires are the link between artieries and veins. what do they allow? Small tubes that allow transfer of gases, nutrients, and waste between the vascularsystem and the bodys cells

digestive system has what two parts (GI system)mechanical and chemical

pulmonary arteries carry ____ ____ _____ from the heart to the lungsoxygen-poor blood

4 examples of diseases, disorders, and injuries to the GI system