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Pharmacology Exam 2 Review: Key Concepts and Medications, Exams of Pharmacology

King's CollegePharmacology

A comprehensive review of key concepts and medications for a pharmacology exam. It covers various drug classes, including inhalers, proton pump inhibitors, laxatives, antiemetics, diuretics, antihypertensives, cardiac glycosides, statins, anticoagulants, and more. Detailed information on drug actions, side effects, contraindications, and important educational points for each medication. It also includes practice questions and answers, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for a pharmacology exam.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/11/2025

Tutorhaven
Tutorhaven 🇺🇸

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Rasmussen Pharmacology Exam 2 Review
1. How to use inhaler <Ans> Depress the inhaler and breathe in, hold in for as
long as you can.
Wait about 1min between 1st and 2nd puff
2. Order of using inhalers <Ans> Albuterol (Bronchodilator) ->
Bronchodilators/rescue inhalers are 1st
Glucocorticoids (steroids) -> Used last
3. Salumeterol (Beta-2 Agonists) <Ans> Long acting
4. Albuterol (bronchodilator) <Ans>
Short acting Used during asthma attack
(wheezing) Used 1st -> Rescue inhaler
Bronchodilator = opens airway
5. Ipratropium Bromide (Anticholinergic) & Side effects <Ans> Used as a
preventive or secondary inhaler
Stops the PNS
S/E <Ans> Urinary
retention* dry mouth
high BP and HR
thirsty
6. Glucocorticoids (Steroids)
ex. Fluticasone, Prednisone, Beclomethasone <Ans> Rinse mouth after using to
avoid thrush**
Most effective for long-term control of airway inflammation
S/E <Ans> Weight gain
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe

Partial preview of the text

Download Pharmacology Exam 2 Review: Key Concepts and Medications and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity!

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Rasmussen Pharmacology Exam 2 Review

  1. How to use inhaler Depress the inhaler and breathe in, hold in for as long as you can. Wait about 1min between 1st and 2nd puff
  2. Order of using inhalers Albuterol (Bronchodilator) -> Bronchodilators/rescue inhalers are 1st Glucocorticoids (steroids) -> Used last
  3. Salumeterol (Beta-2 Agonists) Long acting
  4. Albuterol (bronchodilator) Short acting Used during asthma attack (wheezing) Used 1st -> Rescue inhaler Bronchodilator = opens airway
  5. Ipratropium Bromide (Anticholinergic) & Side effects Used as a preventive or secondary inhaler Stops the PNS S/E Urinary retention* dry mouth high BP and HR thirsty
  6. Glucocorticoids (Steroids) ex. Fluticasone, Prednisone, Beclomethasone Rinse mouth after using to avoid thrush** Most effective for long-term control of airway inflammation S/E Weight gain

2 / constipation urinary/fluid retention

  1. Leukotriene Blockers ex. Zafirlukast, Montelukast Give at night to prevent asthma attacks
  2. Common S/E of inhalers Constipation & urinary retention
  3. Over the counter cough medicine - Education Avoid meds that treat multiple symptoms -> choose single dosed products to avoid overdose
  4. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIS) ex. end in azole -> Omeprazole * Prevent ulcers Block acid production & Reduce acid secretion *Take in AM on empty stomach
  5. PPI Side effects Diarrhea -> common in short term use Nausea

4 / Use cautiously in elderly pts Administer with 8oz of water

  1. Bulk laxatives ex. Methycellulose, Miralax (Fiber) ** Safest Administer 8oz of water with laxative Can lead to electrolyte disorders in elderly Toxic megacolon is a risk
  2. Surfactant laxatives ex. Docusate Sodium Used for pts taking opioids or immobile (paralyzed/post op) Do not use in pts with bowel obstruction, ulcerative colitis, or diverticulitis

5 /

  1. Docusate sodium uses Preventive stool softener Used for pts taking opioids or immobile Stool softener for hemorrhoid pts
  2. Osmotic laxatives ex. Magnesium Hydroxide Do not use in individuals with renal failure or in elderly
  3. Ondansetron & Side effects ex. Zofran Used for nausea/vomiting Preg class C -> Unsafe to take off brand versions Neuro side effects -> Headache, confusion, dizziness May cause serotonin syndrome -> Caution with pts taking SSRIs, TCAs
  4. Lab range of potassium, digoxin, PTT, PT/INR Potassium 3.5-5 Digoxin 0.8-2. PTT 1.5-2X normal value (usually 30-40) If over 90 -> probably bleeding If over 120 -> definitely bleeding INR/PT 2-
  5. Diuretics education Education AKA water pills. Help body get rid of salt (sodium) and water. Help kidneys release sodium into urine. Give in morning & before 2pm -> NOT at night **Weigh daily -> Report 2lbs of weight gain/loss in 24 hours
  6. Loop Diuretics & Side effects ex. Furosemide Most potent diuretic -> get the most fluid out the quickest

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  1. ACE Inhibitors Action & Side effects ex. end in pril -> Lisinopril Reduces production of angiotension II Also a diuretic that blocks aldosterone Used in symptomatic heart failure S/E Hypotension, dry cough, hyperkalemia, altered taste, angioedema Education Pts not likely to be compliant if they have dry cough. Talk to provider before stopping Avoid high potassium
  2. Beta Blockers Action, Contraindications ex. Metroprolol, Propanolol Blocks PNS Lowers HR and BP -> dysrhythmias Contraindications COPD, asthma, or any respiratory issues -> can cause respira- tory depression. Caution w/ diabetic patients because it masks S/S of hypoglycemia **Always check HR before giving -> Hold if less than 60 Hold if BP less than 90/
  3. Calcium Channel Blockers & Side effects ex. Verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem Used to lower BP and prevent angina **Avoid grapefruit juice! May cause toxicity & dysrhythmias S/E Orthostatic hypotension (common), HR changes, peripheral edema, low BP,

8 / *reflex tachycardia & constipation -> increase fluid

  1. Cardiac Glycoside, Side effects, & Education ex. Lanoxin, Digoxin Decreases HR w/o decreasing BP S/E Toxicity signs -> Visual illusions (halos), nausea/vomiting, bradycardia **Monitor pulse for a full minute before administration Hold if less than 60 Range 0.8-2.
  2. Amiodarone (Pacerone) Treats dysrhythmias Take at night

10 / Desmopressin B = Factor IX

  1. Hemophilia treatment (hives) Hives are NOT an allergic reaction for hemo- philia Give Benadryl
  2. Warfarin & Antidote Anticoagulant Antidote = Vitamin K Takes days to achieve affect Monitor PT/INR (2-3) if high -> hold & call provider
  3. Heparin & Antidote Anticoagulant Antidote = Protamine Sulfate

11 / Fast acting/fast stopping Monitor aPtt (above 70 is high = give antidote)

  1. Bridging off Warfarin Give heparin Will take 3-5 days for INR to reach 2, if stopping INR must be less than 2
  2. Filgastrim & Side effects Increased production of neutrophils (WBC) Check WBC (CBC) every 2 weeks S/E Bone pain*
  3. Dabigatran, Education, & Side effects Anticoagulant & prevents stroke High risk of bleeding -> take bleeding precautions No antidote but dialysis can clear meds if hepatotoxic S/E GI issues & stool changes
  4. Bile Acid Sequestrants & Education ex. Colesevelam Can be taken with statins, decreases LDLs Education Take 4hrs away from other meds, caution w/ bowel obstruction (IBS, pancreatitis) Take w/ apple sauce, fruit, or 8oz of water
  5. Alpha Blockers ex. Prazosin Treats HTN & urinary retention Education change positions slowly
  6. Potassium supplements education Take with meals Do not chew or crush *Liquid form = mix in 4oz of fruit juice

13 /

  1. Promethazine Antihistamine, treats nausea/vomiting Also a neuroleptic = monitor for EPS
  2. Meds that lower BP Thiazide and loop diuretics Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Alpha blockers ACE Inhibitors *For all antihypertensives, educate to change positions slowly to avoid orthostatic hypertension
  3. Diphenoxylate & Atropine Treat diarrhea Avoid if pt has glaucoma -> due to increase in pressure
  4. Aspirin (ASA) 4 side effects Tinnitus, bleeding/bruising, nephrotoxic, GI is- sues Not safe for children
  5. Used for Torsades Point Magnesium
  6. Use of diuretics for a CHF patient Diuretics remove fluid -> increase the longevity of their life Prolongs their survival rate
  7. GFR Rate Refers to how fast the kidneys filter 60+ is normal range Monitor before administering Thiazide diuretics
  8. Teaching when pt is on antihypertensives Rise slowly, change positions slowly -> to avoid orthostatic hypertension
  9. ARBS

14 / ex. Losartan, end in artan * Angiotensin II antagonists Treat high BP and heart failure Prescribed if pt has bad reaction to ACE inhibitors

  1. Gemfibrozil ex. Lopid Raises HDL and lowers LDL Jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain = adverse affects
  2. Senna & Education Used for constipation Education Might have dark urine