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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam: Exam
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Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?
- Increased Urination
- Peripheral Edema
- Pulmonary Edema
- Immunosuppression - CORRECT ANS- - Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
- Jugular Vein Distention
- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
- Dyspnea - CORRECT ANS- -- Cough with Frothy Sputum
- Crackles auscultated in lungs
- Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
- Antibiotics and Steroids
- Vitamin D and Calcium
- Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
- ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - CORRECT ANS- - ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers
Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
- An autoimmune disorder
- A venous blood clot from lower extremity
- An increase in intracranial pressure
- Hypotension - CORRECT ANS- -- A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
- Venous Blood Stasis
- Damage to the venous wall
- Venous blood hypermobility
- Increased blood coagulability - CORRECT ANS- - Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
- Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
- manifests in ECG changes only
- Is not relieved by periods of rest
- Not as serious as stable angina - CORRECT ANS- - Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?
- Bladder and Urethra
- Brain and Skin
- Heart and Kidneys
- Stomach and Intestines - CORRECT ANS- - Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following?
What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System - CORRECT ANS- - Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
- Insect bite or snake bites
- Not taking enough diuretics - CORRECT ANS- - Insufficient circulating blood volume Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Tension Pneumothorax - CORRECT ANS- - Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
- Altered level of consciousness
- Hypotension
- Mental Clarity
- Tachycardia - CORRECT ANS- - Mental Clarity
Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
- An overwhelming allergic reaction
- Severe inflammatory response to pathogens
- Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
- Poor nursing and health care provider interventions - CORRECT ANS- - Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Distributive Shock
- Obstructive Shock
- Hypovolemic Shock - CORRECT ANS- - Distributive Shock A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what?
- Gower's Disease
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Fibromyalgia - CORRECT ANS- - Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis - CORRECT ANS- - The maintenance of a constant, internal state. Allostasis - CORRECT ANS- - The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis
Interstitial Fluid - CORRECT ANS- - "Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - CORRECT ANS- - A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - CORRECT ANS- - Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - CORRECT ANS- - Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - CORRECT ANS- - Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - CORRECT ANS- - Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - CORRECT ANS- - Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - CORRECT ANS- - The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin- forming cells Actinic Keratosis - CORRECT ANS- - precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - CORRECT ANS- - Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - CORRECT ANS- - Fluid-filled blisters
Osteoarthritis - CORRECT ANS- - progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear What is fibromyalgia? - CORRECT ANS- - Chronic disease characterized by non-restorative sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - CORRECT ANS- - Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - CORRECT ANS- - Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - CORRECT ANS- - Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - CORRECT ANS- - Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - CORRECT ANS- - Wash Hands Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - CORRECT ANS- - A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - CORRECT ANS- - Progressive loss of muscle tissues
Which of the following causes edema? - CORRECT ANS- - Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - CORRECT ANS- - Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - CORRECT ANS- - Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - CORRECT ANS- - Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - CORRECT ANS- - Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - CORRECT ANS- - Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - CORRECT ANS- - Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - CORRECT ANS- - Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - CORRECT ANS- - Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - CORRECT ANS- - Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM
Type 1 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANS- - Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated Type 3 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANS- - Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune-complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face).
- IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANS- - contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? - CORRECT ANS- - initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? - CORRECT ANS- - The client has pain but no specific diagnotics Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? - CORRECT ANS- - Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? - CORRECT ANS- - Macrophages What happens when cells metastasize? - CORRECT ANS- - Cancer cells migrate to distant sites Fluid excretion occurs by which of the following? - CORRECT ANS- - Urination and Sweating Which immunoglobin (Ig) mediates the Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANS-
- IgE
fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - CORRECT ANS- - Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - CORRECT ANS- - Causes the blood vessels to dilate what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful?
- CORRECT ANS- - Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - CORRECT ANS- - Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - CORRECT ANS- - contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - CORRECT ANS- - Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - CORRECT ANS- - Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - CORRECT ANS- - Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - CORRECT ANS- - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - CORRECT ANS- - in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus
What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - CORRECT ANS- - Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - CORRECT ANS- - Kidney Which of the following describes hematuria? - CORRECT ANS- - Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - CORRECT ANS- - Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - CORRECT ANS- - Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - CORRECT ANS- - Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - CORRECT ANS- - Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - CORRECT ANS- - A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - CORRECT ANS- - Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - CORRECT ANS- - Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - CORRECT ANS- - Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - CORRECT ANS- - Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - CORRECT ANS- - 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)
- Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - CORRECT ANS- - The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - CORRECT ANS- - Calcium Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - CORRECT ANS- - Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - CORRECT ANS- - Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)?
- CORRECT ANS- - Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - CORRECT ANS- - Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production
What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? - CORRECT ANS- - Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) - CORRECT ANS- - Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T4 level? - CORRECT ANS- - Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANS- - Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself. Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit? - CORRECT ANS- - Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia - CORRECT ANS- - condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms - CORRECT ANS- - burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis Which of the following is an example of general cause of UTI? - CORRECT ANS- - E. Coli - Escherichia Coli Which of the following is an example of postrenal kidney injury? - CORRECT ANS- - An obstruction in the ureter
Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? - CORRECT ANS- - Polycystic kidney disease What is the main purpose of dialysis for a client with kidney diease - CORRECT ANS- - Removes excess fluid and waste. Which condition leads to an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH) being released by the pituitary gland in adulthood after epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused. - CORRECT ANS- - Acromegaly Gigantism - CORRECT ANS- - abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty - childhood The neurologic system needs two main components to function: - CORRECT ANS- - Oxygen & Glucose What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? - CORRECT ANS- - Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? - CORRECT ANS- - Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP - CORRECT ANS- - the client can have a brain herniation An epidural hematoma is dangerous due to which below - CORRECT ANS- - An epidural hematoma is due to arterial bleeding A spinal cord injury can result in paralysis - CORRECT ANS- - TRUE
How is a spinal cord injury diagnosed? - CORRECT ANS- - Diagnosis by imaging studies What is a primary risk factor for Transient Ischemic Attack? (Temp. blockage of blood flow to the brain) Mini-stroke - CORRECT ANS- - A TIA is due to artherosclerosis: buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. What is the most important diagnostic for a stroke (CVA)? - CORRECT ANS- - Cranial CT A hemorrhagic stroke is due to which cause? - CORRECT ANS- - Client has a bleeding vessel in the brain Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - CORRECT ANS- - In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - CORRECT ANS- - Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - CORRECT ANS- - Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - CORRECT ANS- - Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning - CORRECT ANS- - True
