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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam 2024:
Comprehensive Study Guide with Expert-Verified
Questions & Answers
1. Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided heart failure? A. Increased Urination B. Peripheral Edema ✅ (Correct Answer) C. Pulmonary Edema D. Immunosuppression Rationale: Right-sided heart failure leads to systemic congestion, causing fluid buildup in the extremities, resulting in peripheral edema. Pulmonary edema is a sign of left-sided heart failure , not right-sided. Increased urination (polyuria) is not a primary sign, and immunosuppression is not directly related to heart failure. 2. Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply) A. Jugular Vein Distention B. Cough with Frothy Sputum ✅ C. Crackles Auscultated in Lungs ✅ D. Dyspnea ✅ Rationale: Left-sided heart failure results in pulmonary congestion , leading to symptoms such as cough with frothy sputum , crackles auscultated in lungs , and dyspnea (shortness of breath). Jugular vein distention (JVD) is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure due to systemic fluid overload.
3. Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure? A. Antibiotics and Steroids B. Vitamin D and Calcium C. Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron D. ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers ✅ (Correct Answer) Rationale: ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers are standard treatments for heart failure as they help reduce blood pressure, decrease cardiac workload, and improve survival rates. Antibiotics and steroids are not typically used for heart failure. Calcium channel blockers are used in some cardiovascular conditions but not as first-line heart failure treatment. 4. Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism? A. An autoimmune disorder B. A venous blood clot from the lower extremity ✅ (Correct Answer) C. An increase in intracranial pressure D. Hypotension Rationale: A pulmonary embolism (PE) is most often caused by a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) from the lower extremities that travels to the lungs. Autoimmune disorders and increased intracranial pressure are not common causes of PE. While hypotension can be a result of PE, it is not a cause. 5. Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except: A. Venous Blood Stasis B. Damage to the Venous Wall C. Venous Blood Hypermobility ❌ (Correct Answer) D. Increased Blood Coagulability Rationale: Virchow's Triad consists of venous stasis, endothelial (venous wall) damage, and hypercoagulability —all of which increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Hypermobility does not contribute to clot formation; rather, immobility does.
9. When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. A. Renin ✅ (Correct Answer) B. Antidiuretic Hormone C. Atrial Natriuretic D. Erythropoietin Rationale: The kidneys release renin in response to low blood pressure , which activates the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to increase blood volume and vasoconstriction , raising blood pressure. Antidiuretic hormone also helps but is secreted by the pituitary gland. Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply)
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute Renal Failure
- Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
- Increased Cardiac Output - - correct ans- -- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
- Acute renal failure
- Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock?
- Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
- Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
- Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
- Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI - - correct ans- - Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability
What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
- Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
- Acute Blood Loss
- Severe Atrial Dysfunction
- Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System - - correct ans- - Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
- Inadequate stomach acid
- Insufficient circulating blood volume
- Insect bite or snake bites
- Not taking enough diuretics - - correct ans- - Insufficient circulating blood volume Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Cardiac Tamponade
- Tension Pneumothorax - - correct ans- - Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
- Altered level of consciousness
- Hypotension
- Mental Clarity
- Tachycardia - - correct ans- - Mental Clarity Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
Hypokalemia is - - correct ans- - Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is - - correct ans- - Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L Hypovolemia is - - correct ans- - A decrease in blood volume throughout the body Hydrostatic Pressure - - correct ans- - The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push the water out of the vessel Mitochondria - - correct ans- - The organelle where most of the body's ATP (Energy) is made. Innate Immunity - - correct ans- - The immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth Antibody - - correct ans- - a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Cytotoxic T Cells - - correct ans- - A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - - correct ans- - A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - - correct ans- - "Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - - correct ans- - A disease-causing agent
Carcinoma - - correct ans- - Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - - correct ans- - Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - - correct ans- - Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - - correct ans- - Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - - correct ans- - Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - - correct ans- - The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin- forming cells Actinic Keratosis - - correct ans- - precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - - correct ans- - Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - - correct ans- - Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - - correct ans- - progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear
Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - - correct ans- - Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - - correct ans- - The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - - correct ans- - Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - - correct ans- - The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as?
- correct ans- - First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - - correct ans- - Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - - correct ans- - Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - - correct ans- - Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? - - correct ans- - Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - - correct ans- - Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - - correct ans- - Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - - correct ans- - Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - - correct ans- - Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - - correct ans- - Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - - correct ans- - Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - - correct ans- - Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - - correct ans- - Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - - correct ans- - Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity - - correct ans- - Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated
A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/L. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? - - correct ans- - Cardiac Arrhythmias Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - - correct ans- - Resolution of fight-or-flight manifestations The nurse needs to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would the nurse state about active immunity? - - correct ans- - Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunizations Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology? - - correct ans- - Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment Implications, Clinical manifestation The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? - - correct ans- - Calcium Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? - - correct ans- - Vomiting and Diarrhea A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. - - correct ans- - A symptom What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? - - correct ans- - Psoriasis what causes osteoporosis? - - correct ans- - An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation what chemical does the body release during a stress response? - - correct ans- - Epinephrine
fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - - correct ans- - Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - - correct ans- - Causes the blood vessels to dilate what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful?
- correct ans- - Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - - correct ans- - Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - - correct ans- - contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - - correct ans- - Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - - correct ans- - Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - - correct ans- - Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - - correct ans- - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - - correct ans-
- in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - - correct ans- - Alcoholism
Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - - correct ans- - Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - - correct ans- - Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - - correct ans- - Hyponatremia Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - - correct ans- - Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - - correct ans- - Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - - correct ans- - An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - - correct ans- - Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - - correct ans- - Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - - correct ans- - Potassium
A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - - correct ans- - Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - - correct ans- - 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)
- Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - - correct ans- - The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - - correct ans- - Calcium Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - - correct ans- - Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - - correct ans- - Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)?
- correct ans- - Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - - correct ans- - Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production
Which of the following is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)? - - correct ans- - Esophageal Cancer What of the following may occur with exposure to antibiotics? - - correct ans- - Diarrhea What type of incontinence is caused by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to activities such as coughing or sneezing? - - correct ans- - Stress Which of the following does helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) often cause - - correct ans- - Peptic Ulcer Disease Which disorder is related to breaking down fats for energy in clients with type 1 diabetes? - - correct ans- - Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Which of the following is a classic manifestation of glomerulonephritis? - - correct ans- - Proteinuria What is most likely the cause of polyuria in renal insufficiency? - - correct ans- - Loss of tubule function Which of the following are inflammatory bowel disorders? - - correct ans- - Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease Which of the following is the name of a medical emergency associated with hyperthyroidism, in which the client experiences fever, decreased levels of consciousness, and abdominal pain? - - correct ans- - Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis)
Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? - - correct ans- - Polycystic kidney disease What is the main purpose of dialysis for a client with kidney diease - - correct ans- - Removes excess fluid and waste. Which condition leads to an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH) being released by the pituitary gland in adulthood after epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused. - - correct ans- - Acromegaly Gigantism - - correct ans- - abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty - childhood The neurologic system needs two main components to function: - - correct ans- - Oxygen & Glucose What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? - - correct ans- - Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? - - correct ans- - Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP - - correct ans- - the client can have a brain herniation An epidural hematoma is dangerous due to which below - - correct ans- - An epidural hematoma is due to arterial bleeding A spinal cord injury can result in paralysis - - correct ans- - TRUE
