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RAD BIO FINAL REVIEWER (ALL QUIZZES
PLUS MIDTERM) ACTUAL EXAM WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST 2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
stochastic - ANSWERS-A _____ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases.
linear, nonthreshold - ANSWERS-Studies of A-bomb survivors indicate that leukemia has a _____ dose-response relationship to radiation.
4-7 - ANSWERS-Radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of _____ years.
leukemia - ANSWERS-Ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of _____.
in high proportion - ANSWERS-It is difficult to link cancer to radiation exposure because it occurs _____ in the population.
thyroid cancers - ANSWERS-People who had radiation treatments to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for _____.
bone - ANSWERS-People who were employed painting radium watch dials later showed excess risk for _____ cancer.
observed cases/expected cases - ANSWERS-Relative risk is _____.
a threshold dose-response - ANSWERS-Radiation induced skin cancer in radiotherapy patients has occurred with _____.
ionization - ANSWERS-What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?
radiosensitive - ANSWERS-Stem cells are
younger - ANSWERS-It has been proven that the ____ the tissue, the more radiosensitive the tissue is
cellular division - ANSWERS-Radiosensitivity increases during
false (they are types of ionizing radiation) - ANSWERS-Alpha, Beta and Gamma are three types of ultraviolet radiation (true/false)
the branch of science concerned with biology, physics and epidemiology - ANSWERS-Radiobiology is defined as
radiowaves - ANSWERS-The lowest energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum
Becquerel - ANSWERS-Whose observance of rays from Uranium salts started what became later known as radioactivity
1 Gray or 1 Sievert - ANSWERS-100 Rem (or Rad) is equivilant to
electrons - ANSWERS-Ionizing radiation is capable of removing _____ from atoms as it passes through the matter.
mediastinal cancer - ANSWERS-The first radiation fatality died from
the higher the energy - ANSWERS-The closer the wavelengths are on the electromagnetic spectrum,
1 Rad - ANSWERS-1 Rem is equivalent to
decreased metabolic activity - ANSWERS-Radioresistance increases during
Bergonie and Tribondeau - ANSWERS-The law of _____ states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue is a function of the metabolism and maturation of that tissue.
immature, high - ANSWERS-Tissues that are _____ with a _____ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive.
LET - ANSWERS-_____ is a measure of the rate that energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.
increases, increases - ANSWERS-As LET _____, the RBE _____.
over a long period of time - ANSWERS-A protracted dose of radiation is given _____.
fractionated - ANSWERS-A dose of 10 Gy given to a patient in 5 doses of 2 Gy per day is a _____ dose.
3.0 - ANSWERS-The LET of diagnostic x-rays is _____ keV/im
1 - ANSWERS-The RBE of diagnostic x-rays is equal to _____.
linear - ANSWERS-A _____ response to radiation is directly proportional to the dose received.
nonthreshold - ANSWERS-If a response to radiation is expected, no matter how small the dose, then that dose-response is _____.
linear, nonthreshold - ANSWERS-Radiation induced genetic damage follows a _____ dose-response relationship
nonlinear, threshold - ANSWERS-Which dose-response relationship can follow a sigmoid curve?
extrapolation from high ranges - ANSWERS-The human dose-response relationship at low ranges of radiation is calculated using _____.
true - ANSWERS-Diagnostic x-ray imaging is performed under conditions of full oxygenation (true/false)
false (linear-nonthreshold) - ANSWERS-Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia and genetic effects follow a nonlinear-threshold dose-response relationship. (true/false)
true - ANSWERS-Skin effects resulting from high-dose fluoroscopy follow a sigmoid-type dose-response relationship. (true/false)
false (has a bearing) - ANSWERS-The age of a biologic structure has little to no bearing on its radiosensitivity. (true/false)
1% - ANSWERS-How much composition of the body does nucleic acid(s) account for?
bone marrow, skin - ANSWERS-The tissue in the _____ is more radiosensitive than _____ tissue.
lower - ANSWERS-The mean lethal dose for high LET radiation is ______ than low LET radiation (hint* how much is needed to produce same effect)
genetic - ANSWERS-Meiosis is the process of cell division for _____ cells.
mitosis - ANSWERS-Human cells are most radiosensitive during the _____ phase of the cell cycle.
direct or indirect - ANSWERS-Irradiation hits occur through _____ effects.
inactivated - ANSWERS-A target molecule that is _____ will always cause cell death.
interphase - ANSWERS-A cell is in _____ when it is not undergoing mitosis or meiosis.
DNA - ANSWERS-The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the _____; target theory; direct effect hits here
stem, precursor and undifferentiated - ANSWERS-Before cells mature, they are called _____ cells.
high, high - ANSWERS-The probability of a hit is increased with _____ oxygen and/or _____ LET radiation.
no difference - ANSWERS-If oxygen is present during high-LET radiation the effect of radiation is?
lymphoid - ANSWERS-One of the most radiosensitive tissues in the body is _____ tissue
lymphocytes and intestinal crypt cells - ANSWERS-_________ and __________ are considered high radiosensitivity
nucleus - ANSWERS-DNA is located in the _____ of the cell
compton scattering and photoelectric absorption - ANSWERS-The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are _____.
coherent scattering - ANSWERS-An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during _____.
compton interactions - ANSWERS-An outer-shell electron is ejected and the atom is ionized during _____.
increases, decreases - ANSWERS-As kVp _____, the probability of photoelectric absorption _____.
pair production - ANSWERS-_____ occurs only at the very high energies used in radiation therapy and in nuclear medicine P.E.T. imaging.
photodisintegration - ANSWERS-Only at energies above 10 MeV can _____ take place.
atomic number - ANSWERS-K-shell binding energy increases with increasing _____.
a patient dose - ANSWERS-high kVp techniques reduce _____.
photoelectric interaction - ANSWERS-The x-ray interaction that contributes to the clear parts of the image is _____.
image noise - ANSWERS-Compton scatter contributes to _____
as large as or slightly larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit - ANSWERS-In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy:
increases markedly, increases - ANSWERS-The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________.
characteristic radiation - ANSWERS-Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron drops down from an outer orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit of the parent atom?
13.8 - ANSWERS-What is the effective atomic number of compact bone?
Photoelectron and characteristic photon - ANSWERS-Which of the following are byproducts of photoelectric absorption?
1.022 MeV - ANSWERS-The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is:
defined as the degree of overall blackening on a completed radiograph - ANSWERS-Radiographic density is:
main-chain scission - ANSWERS-If a macromolecule has (a) _____, it will break down into smaller macromolecules.
point mutations - ANSWERS-Molecular lesions of macromolecules are point lesions, but molecular lesions of DNA are called _____.
radiolysis - ANSWERS-The disassociation of water molecules following irradiation is termed _____.
an ion pair - ANSWERS-When an atom of water is irradiated it first dissociates into _____.
hydryogen peroxide - ANSWERS-Two OH* free radicals can join to form _____ molecules.
both unstable and highly reactive - ANSWERS-Free radicals can be damaging because they are _____.
water molecule - ANSWERS-An indirect effect from ionizing radiation occurs on a _____.
DNA molecules - ANSWERS-Ionizing events from irradiation are considered to be direct effects if they occur with _____.
Cockroaches - ANSWERS-_____ are among the most radioresistive species.
nonlinear, threshold - ANSWERS-Skin effects from localized doses of radiation follow a _____ dose-response relationship.
increases - ANSWERS-For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose:
carcinogenic - ANSWERS-_____ syndrome is not a form of acute radiation syndrome.
50; 30 - ANSWERS-The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to ____% of the exposed population in _____ days.
initial stage - ANSWERS-The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to as the:
cumulative - ANSWERS-Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a _____ effect.
bone marrow - ANSWERS-The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the _____ syndrome.
cell - ANSWERS-The _____ is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals.
2 Gy - ANSWERS-Lymphoid tissue begins to atrophy at what amount of radiation dose?
DNA macromolecule - ANSWERS-The most radiosensitive macromolecule is _____.
chromosomes - ANSWERS-DNA is contained in the _____ of the cell nucleus.
cell death,
malignant disease,
genetic changes - ANSWERS-Radiation damage to DNA can result in _____.
50 - ANSWERS-The central nervous system syndrome occurs following a whole body dose of _____ Gy or more.
prodromol symptoms - ANSWERS-Immediately following a whole body dose of 10 Gy the victim would experience (a) _____.
stem - ANSWERS-The destruction of _____ cells in the intestinal lining causes death from GI syndrome.
diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting - ANSWERS-What would be the most likely immediate response to a whole body dose of 2 Gy?
reduced to no - ANSWERS-A study of an irradiated population which showed a relative risk factor below 1.0 would indicate that the population had a _____ risk.
first trimester (week 2 through week 12) - ANSWERS-The most radiosensitive period during pregnancy for radiation induced congenital abnormalities is during the _____.
does not exist - ANSWERS-Data showing radiation-induced human genetic abnormalities _____.
mice and fruit flies - ANSWERS-Our information on the genetic effects of radiation has come from legal studies of _____.
Gamma radiation - ANSWERS-Revised atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that radiation-induced leukemia and solid tumors occurring in the survivors may be attributed to exposure to which of the following?
bone marrow;
male and female reproductive organs;
skin - ANSWERS-Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include:
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received - ANSWERS-Atrophy refers to:
high-level fluoroscopy - ANSWERS-As a result of numerous reported patient injuries that have been associated with the use of _______________, better management of the use of such procedures is essential.
multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development - ANSWERS-In the female, the ovarian stem cells:
primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum (egg) - ANSWERS-The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is:
Nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders - ANSWERS-Which of the following are classified as early (acute) deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation?
alopecia - ANSWERS-A term that is synonymous with epilation is:
significant - ANSWERS-Studies of radiation therapy patients who received radiation therapy treatments provide _____ evidence of skin damage caused by radiation exposure.
Gonadal irradiation of the ovaries can result in genetic mutations that can be passed on to future generations. - ANSWERS-Which of the following is the reason why the ovaries should be shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures?
