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Student name:__________
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The_________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
visceral sensory somatic sensory visceral motor somatic motor afferent The_________ division tends to prepare the body for action.
sensory afferent motor afferent somatic motor parasympathetic sympathetic Which of the following are effectors?
Receptors Stimuli Reflexes Glands Sense organs
What is another name for the autonomic nervous system?
Visceral sensory division Somatic sensory division Visceral motor division Somatic motor division Central nervous system Nerves are_________ of the nervous system.
organs tissues organ systems organelles cells Some_________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas_________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
efferent; afferent afferent; efferent motor; sensory efferent; inter- afferent; inter- About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are_________ neurons.
The cell body The dendrites The axon hillock The Schwann cell Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?
Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Satellite cells Nodes of Ranvier Ependymal cells In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found?
Axon terminal Axon Dendrite Perikaryon Axon collateral What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?
The axon terminals The axons The axon collaterals
The cell bodies The dendrites Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?
Schwann cells Astrocytes Satellite cells Oligodendrocytes Microglia A myelin sheath is composed primarily of_________.
lipids and proteins carbohydrates and proteins glycoproteins and carbohydrates proteins and glycoproteins polysaccharides and proteins Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?
A large diameter myelinated axon A small diameter myelinated axon A large unmyelinated axon A small unmyelinated axon A small axon with multiple Schwann cells
______
repolarization of the plasma membrane hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane depolarization of the plasma membrane drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?
An inflow of sodium An inflow of potassium An inflow of calcium An inflow of chloride An outflow of chloride Local potentials are_________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus.
stabile graded self-propagating excitatory inhibitory An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?
Depolarization of the plasma membrane Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane Repolarization of the plasma membrane Neutralization of the plasma membrane Drifting of the membrane potential toward the resting membrane potential Which of the following is most likey to cause a rapid depolarization?
Opening of chloride channels Opening of sodium channels Opening of potassium channels Inactivation of sodium channels Closing of sodium channels A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
A local potential develops Threshold is reached Hyperpolarization of the membrane Repolarization of the membrane A resting membrane potential is established In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
Threshold is reached Hyperpolarization of the membrane
reaching the threshold exiting the threshold During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold. The signal grows weaker with distance. It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus. No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. A traveling wave of excitation is known as a(n)_________.
local potential graded potential action potential nerve signal depolarizing signal What would be the best explanation for why myelinated axons conduct signals faster than unmyelinated axons?
There are no sodium channels in unmyelinated axons. Myelinated axons contain more sodium ions. Myelinated axons have more sodium-potassium pumps in their membranes. Active transport of sodium and potassium is faster in myelinated axons.
Electrical signals spread faster through insulated (myelinated) regions of axon. All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except _________.
they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron they are released in response to stimulation they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell A cholinergic synapse uses_________ as its neurotransmitter.
monoamine acetylcholine epinephrine norepinephrine catecholamine What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Noradrenaline Epinephrine Acetylcholine Norepinephrine
______
Synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis. Neurotransmitter escapes from the synapse into the nearby extracellular fluid. Neurotransmitters are no longer released. The axon terminal reabsorbs some neurotransmitters by endocytosis. Enzymes in the postsynaptic cell break down some neurotransmitters. Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?
Norepinephrine Dopamine Histamine Acetylcholine β-Endorphin Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
Depolarization of the cell membrane Repolarization of the cell membrane Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane No change in the cell membrane potential No change of the threshold The opening of_________ gates produces an_________.
chloride; IPSP
sodium; IPSP calcium; IPSP potassium; EPSP calcium and sodium; IPSP Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called_________.
temporal summation neural summation spatial summation neuronal coding recruitment What is the opposite of presynaptic inhibition?
Coding Integration
Acetylcholine GABA Glutamate Accumulation of in the axon terminal is called_________, and probably plays an important role in_________.
synaptic facilitation; short-term memory neural coding; immediate memory postsynaptic potential; long-term memory neural coding; short-term memory long-term potentiation; long-term memory While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?
The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood. The nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells. The nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood. The nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells. Both systems release hormones between cells, but only the nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood. Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true?
Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli. The endocrine system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the nervous system is dedicated to affecting change. The nervous system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the endocrine system is dedicated to affecting change. The nervous system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the endocrine system. The endocrine system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the nervous system. What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
Excitability Conductivity Secretion Permeability Convergence If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?
Secretion Excitability Conductivity Permeability Viability
It grows within a regeneration tube. The axonal terminals grow toward the cell body until the two severed fragments are reunited. The axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron. Injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination. Neurons cannot regenerate. If the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked in a resting neuron, what would happen to its resting membrane potential?
It would become more positive. It would become more negative. The RMP would be unaffected. It would hyperpolarize. Place the following events in synaptic transmission at a cholinergic synapse in order: A - A postsynaptic potential is produced; B - Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell; C - ACh is released and diffuses across the axon terminal; D - A nerve signal arrives at an axon terminal; E - Ligand-gated sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell.
D, B, C, E, A D, B, E, A, C B, C, D, E, A B, D, C, A, E Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A - ATP is converted to cAMP B - The cell's metabolism is altered C - G protein binds adenylate cylase D - The G protein dissociates E - NE binds the receptor
E, D, C, A, B
E, D, A, C, B
D, E, C, A, B
D, E, A, C, B
The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit?
Convergent Divergent Reverberating Parallel after-discharge
