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Quiz #1 Ch 1,2,3,4,5,6 | PHAR - Pharmacology, Quizzes of Pharmacology

Class: PHAR - Pharmacology; Subject: Pharmacology; University: Oregon Health & Science University; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/21/2013

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TERM 1
Drug
DEFINITION 1
any chemical that can affect living processes
TERM 2
pharmacology
DEFINITION 2
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
TERM 3
clinical
pharmacology
DEFINITION 3
study of drugs in humans
TERM 4
therapeutics or pharmacotherapeutics
DEFINITION 4
the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease of to
prevent pregnancy
TERM 5
What are the 3 most important drug
properties?
DEFINITION 5
Effectiveness-elicitsthe responses for which it is givenSafety-
cannot produce harmful effects.Selectivity- elicits the
response for which it is given
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Drug

any chemical that can affect living processes TERM 2

pharmacology

DEFINITION 2 study of drugs and their interactions with living systems TERM 3

clinical

pharmacology

DEFINITION 3 study of drugs in humans TERM 4

therapeutics or pharmacotherapeutics

DEFINITION 4 the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease of to prevent pregnancy TERM 5

What are the 3 most important drug

properties?

DEFINITION 5 Effectiveness-elicitsthe responses for which it is givenSafety- cannot produce harmful effects.Selectivity- elicits the response for which it is given

What is the objective of drug therapy?

To provide maximum benefit with minimum harm TERM 7

4 factors that determine the intensity of drug

responses

DEFINITION 7 administrationpharmacokineticspharmacodynamicssources of individual variation TERM 8

6 rights of drug administration

DEFINITION 8 Right drug to the right patient in the right dose through the right route at the right time with the right documentation TERM 9

Nursing responsibilities regarding drugs: what

the nurse must know

DEFINITION 9 more than the 6 rightswhat medications are appropriate for the patientwhat drugs are contraindicated for the patientthe probably consequences of the interaction between drug a patient TERM 10

Preadministration assessment

DEFINITION 10 collecting baseline data (to compare with anticipated therapeutic effects and to evaluate adverse effects)identifying high-risk patientsassessment of patients capacity for self care

making PRN decisions

pro re nataknow the reason for drug usebe able to assess the patient's medication needsevaluate TERM 17

managing toxicity

DEFINITION 17 early identification makes early intervention possibleknow the early signs of toxicityknow the procedure for toxicity management TERM 18

nursing process in drug therapy

DEFINITION 18 preadministration assessmentanalysis and nursing diagnosisplanningimplementationevaluation TERM 19

what is the con of using generic drug names?

DEFINITION 19 more complicated and more difficult to pronounce than trade names TERM 20

cons of using trade names

DEFINITION 20 single drug can have multiple trade names (acetaminophen has around 19)US drugs and drugs outside the country can have the same trade name but have different active ingredientproducts with the same trade name may have different active ingredients

Are generic and trade drugs therapeutically

equivalent

they have the same does of the same ingredient so the only concern would be the non active ingredients and their effects of absorption TERM 22

how much do americans spend annually of

OTC drugs

DEFINITION 22 $20 billion TERM 23

60% of all drugs administered are what?

DEFINITION 23 OTC TERM 24

absorption

DEFINITION 24 the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. TERM 25

rate of

absorption

DEFINITION 25 determines how soon effects will begin

pH partitioning in regards to

absorption

increased ionization in plasma = increased absorption TERM 32

routes of drug administration

DEFINITION 32 IVIM/subQOraltopicaltransdermalinhaledrectalvaginaldirect injection into site of actionsublingual TERM 33

distribution

DEFINITION 33 the movement of drugs throughout the body TERM 34

drug distribution is determined by what 3

factors

DEFINITION 34 blood flow to the tissuesexiting the vascular systementering cells TERM 35

how are drugs carried to tissues and organs of

the body?

DEFINITION 35 by the blood

how to abscesses and tumors complicate

drug distribution?

there is low regional blood flow which impacts therapypus- filled pockets have no internal blood vesselssolid tumors have limited blood supply TERM 37

How do drugs exit the vascular system?

DEFINITION 37 capillary beds- typically passing between capillary cells rather than through them.BBBPlacenta drug transfer TERM 38

BBB (blood brain barrier)

DEFINITION 38 tight junctions between the cells that compose the walls of most capillaries in the CNSMust be able to pass through the cells of the capillary wall TERM 39

What drugs can cross the BBB

DEFINITION 39 lipid soluble drugs or drugs that have their own transport system TERM 40

placenta drug transfer and the risks

DEFINITION 40 membranes of the placenta do NOT constitute an absolute barrier to the passage of drugsrisks: birth defects such as mental retardation, gross malformations, low-birth weight, if the mom uses opioids- drug dependent baby

Infants and elderly drug metabolism

liver metabolism is decreased TERM 47

first pass effect

DEFINITION 47 hepatic inactivation of oral drugs- concentration is greatly reduced before hitting systemic circulation TERM 48

nutritional status impact on drug metabolism

DEFINITION 48 lack of cofactors (like vitamins) may decrease metabolism TERM 49

drug excretion

DEFINITION 49 removal of drugs from the body TERM 50

drugs and their metabolites can exit the body

through:

DEFINITION 50 urine, sweat, saliva, breast milk, or expired air

steps in renal drug excretion

glomerular filtrationpassive tubular reabsorptionactive tubular secretion TERM 52

factors that modify renal drug

excretion

DEFINITION 52 pH-dependent ionizationcompetition for active tubular transportage TERM 53

decreased renal function leads to

DEFINITION 53 increased duration and or intensity of drugs TERM 54

enterohepatic recirculation leads to what

route of excretion

DEFINITION 54 bile (feces) TERM 55

clinical significance of plasma drug levels

DEFINITION 55 direct correlation between therapeutic and toxic drug responses and the amount of drug present in the plasma

time to decline from

plateau

usually about 4 half lives TERM 62

3 techniques for reducing fluctuations in drug

levels

DEFINITION 62 continuous infusiondepot administrationreduce dose and dosing interval TERM 63

pharmacodynamics

DEFINITION 63 the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are producedin other wordsthe study of what drugs do to the body and how they do it TERM 64

dose response relationship

DEFINITION 64 relationship between size of administered dose and intensity of the response it produces. TERM 65

what does the dose response relationship

determine

DEFINITION 65 the minimum amount of drug we can usethe maximum response a drug can elicithow much we need to increase the dosage until desired intensity of response is achieved

maximal efficacy

largest effect that a drug can producematch intensity of response with the patients needvery high maximal efficacy is not always more desirable.(most important) TERM 67

relative

potency

DEFINITION 67 the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect TERM 68

drug receptors

DEFINITION 68 any macromolecule in a call to which a drug binds to produce its effectsbody's receptors:hormonesneurotransmitters TERM 69

receptor binding

DEFINITION 69 binding of a drug to its receptor is reversiblereceptor activity is regulated by endogenous compoundswhen a drug binds to a receptor, it will either mimic or block the action of the endogenous regulatory molecules and increase or decrease the rate of physiologic activity normally controlled by that receptor TERM 70

important properties of receptors

DEFINITION 70 receptors are normal points of control of physiologic processesreceptor function is regulated by molecules supplied by the bodydrugs can only mimic or block the body's own regulatory moleculesdrugs cannot gives cells new functionsdrugs produce their therapeutic effects by helping the body use prexisiting capabilitiesin theory, possible to synthesize drugs to alter any biologic process for which receptors exist

competitive

antagonists

compete with agonists for receptor bindingbind reversibly to receptorsequal affinity TERM 77

partial agonists

DEFINITION 77 only moderate intrinsic activitythe maximal effect that they can produce is less than that of a full agonistcan act as antagonists TERM 78

continuous exposure to agonist leads to

DEFINITION 78 desensitized or refractory(down-regulation) TERM 79

continuous exposure to an antagonist can

lead to

DEFINITION 79 hypersensitivity TERM 80

drugs that don't involve

receptors

DEFINITION 80 simple physical or chemical interactions with small moleculesantacids, antiseptics, saline laxatives, chelating agents

The ED

dose producing therapeutic response in 50% of population (standard dose)nurses can adjust based off of the ED TERM 82

the larger the therapeutic

index:

DEFINITION 82 the safer the drug TERM 83

drug drug interactions

DEFINITION 83 can occur whenever a patient takes more than one drugpatients frequently take more than one drug (polypharmacy) TERM 84

consequences of drug drug effects

DEFINITION 84 increased therapeutic effectsincreased adverse effectsreduction of effects therapeutic or adversecreation of a unique response TERM 85

4 basic mechanisms that drugs interact

through

DEFINITION 85 direct chemical or physical interactionspharmacokinetic interactionpharmacodynamic interactioncombined toxicity

pharmacodynamic interactions that occur at

separate sites may be:

potentiativeorinhibitory TERM 92

the risk for serious drug interaction is directly

proportional to:

DEFINITION 92 significantly impact the outcome of therapy TERM 93

grapefruit juice effect

DEFINITION 93 inhibits the metabolism of certain drugs using CYP3A isoenzymesRaises the drugs' blood levels