Name: ____________________________ Principles of Biology, Exam II

Multiple choice: (2.2 pts per question)

___1. One function of lysosomes is to:

A) package materials for secretion B) relay signals from the nucleus

C) digest damaged macromolecules D) synthesize proteins

___2. The golgi apparatus is part of the endomembrane system. This means that:

A) it synthesizes membrane

B) it has a double membrane-- an outer membrane, and an inner endomembrane

C) it is involved in intracellular transport by sending and/or receiving membrane-bound vesicles

D) it is a membrane-bound organelle, unlike mitochondria

___3. Methane (CH4) has more energy than water (H2O), because:

A) it has more entropy

B) carbon atoms are highly energetic

C) the electrons shared between oxygen and hydrogen are in a much more stable state than when they are

shared by carbon and hydrogen

D) carbon atoms have more room in their valence shell to form bonds

___4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the ribosomes and the nucleus?

A) Proteins are synthesized in the nucleus, then transported to the ribosomes

B) The ribosomes carry instructions that are read by the nucleus

C) the nucleus has instructions for making proteins, and the ribosomes make the proteins

D) the ribosomes and nucleus have different functions and are mostly independent of each other

___5. Why is a centrifuge useful for studying organelle function?

A) you can use it to separate organelles by density and study one type at a time

B) you can use it to selectively disrupt some organelles

C) you can use it to energize molecules, so that they become more reactive

D) you can use it to separate molecules based on their energy

___ 6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) prokaryotes have chloroplasts, but they are structurally different from those in plant cells

B) prokaryotic cells lack a golgi apparatus

C) prokaryotes have much less DNA than animal cells

D) A, B and C are false

E) A, B and C are true

___7. How do most polar molecules enter cells?

A) by simple diffusion across the membrane

B) the golgi apparatus transports them into the cell

C) they bind to non-polar molecules

D) they pass through protein channels

E) none of the above are true

___ 8. If you incorporated a small amount of radioactive phospholipid into the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),

what information would that give you?

A) you could determine the structure of the phospholipid

B) you could determine if the phospholipid in the ER moves to other parts of the cell

C) you could measure the size of the ER

D) you could determine the function of the ER

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Name: ____________________________ Principles of Biology, Exam II Multiple choice: (2.2 pts per question) ___1. One function of lysosomes is to: A) package materials for secretion B) relay signals from the nucleus C) digest damaged macromolecules D) synthesize proteins ___2. The golgi apparatus is part of the endomembrane system. This means that: A) it synthesizes membrane B) it has a double membrane-- an outer membrane, and an inner endomembrane C) it is involved in intracellular transport by sending and/or receiving membrane-bound vesicles D) it is a membrane-bound organelle, unlike mitochondria ___3. Methane (CH 4 ) has more energy than water (H 2 O), because: A) it has more entropy B) carbon atoms are highly energetic C) the electrons shared between oxygen and hydrogen are in a much more stable state than when they are shared by carbon and hydrogen D) carbon atoms have more room in their valence shell to form bonds ___4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the ribosomes and the nucleus? A) Proteins are synthesized in the nucleus, then transported to the ribosomes B) The ribosomes carry instructions that are read by the nucleus C) the nucleus has instructions for making proteins, and the ribosomes make the proteins D) the ribosomes and nucleus have different functions and are mostly independent of each other ___5. Why is a centrifuge useful for studying organelle function? A) you can use it to separate organelles by density and study one type at a time B) you can use it to selectively disrupt some organelles C) you can use it to energize molecules, so that they become more reactive D) you can use it to separate molecules based on their energy ___ 6. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) prokaryotes have chloroplasts, but they are structurally different from those in plant cells B) prokaryotic cells lack a golgi apparatus C) prokaryotes have much less DNA than animal cells D) A, B and C are false E) A, B and C are true ___7. How do most polar molecules enter cells? A) by simple diffusion across the membrane B) the golgi apparatus transports them into the cell C) they bind to non-polar molecules D) they pass through protein channels E) none of the above are true ___ 8. If you incorporated a small amount of radioactive phospholipid into the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), what information would that give you? A) you could determine the structure of the phospholipid B) you could determine if the phospholipid in the ER moves to other parts of the cell C) you could measure the size of the ER D) you could determine the function of the ER

___ 9. The solute concentration of your blood is normally around 0.16 M Na+ and 0.16 M Cl-. If the concentration inside your cells was 0.16 M K+ and 0.16 M Cl-, what might happen to the cell if it was permeable to water and sodium? A) Water would leave the cell, but Na+ would not move B) Water would leave the cell, and Na+ would enter C) Water would enter the cell, but Na+ would not move D) Water would enter the cell, and Na+ would also enter E) Water would not have any net movement, but Na+ would F) There would be no net movement of water or Na+ ___ 10. Given the concentrations in the previous question, what would happen if you become dehydrated and the fluid surrounding your cells increased to a concentration of 0.18 M Na+ and 0.18 M Cl-. A) Water would leave the cell, but Na+ would not move B) Water would leave the cell, and Na+ would enter C) Water would enter the cell, but Na+ would not move D) Water would enter the cell, and Na+ would also enter E) Water would not have any net movement, but Na+ would F) There would be no net movement of water or Na+ ___ 11. Muscle cells are activated by calcium ions (Ca++). These ions are stored in a high concentration in a specialized organelle called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Normally, the calcium concentration of the cytoplasm is very low. To make a muscle contract, Ca++ moves from the vesicle into the cytoplasm, and to turn the muscle off, Ca++ has to go back into the vesicle. Which of the following best describes how this process would occur? A) Ca++ movement into the cytoplasm is active transport, and the return to the vesicle is passive transport B) Ca++ movement into the cytoplasm is passive transport, and the return to the vesicle is active transport C) Ca++ movement into the cytoplasm and back to the vesicle are both active transport D) Ca++ movement into the cytoplasm and back to the vesicle are both passive transport E) Ca++ movement involves neither active nor passive transport ___ 12. Which molecule transports high energy electrons from the thylakoid to the stroma? A) ATP B) carbon dioxide C) chlorophyll D) NADPH E) cytochrome C ___ 13. In photosynthesis, light energy: A) moves hydrogen ions B) fixes carbon C) breaks down carbon dioxide D) oxidizes chlorophyll E) none of the above ___ 14. Which of the following is true? A) NAD+ has a higher electron affinity than oxygen B) NAD+ has a lower electron affinity than most of the electron transport chain C) NAD+ has a higher electron affinity than chlorophyll D) Both A and C E) none of the above ___ 15. Why is lactic acid (lactate) produced from pyruvate when oxygen is scarce? A) to serve as a source of high energy hydrogen ions (H+) B) to avoid a toxic build-up of pyruvate C) NADH needs to give up electrons in order to oxidize more glucose during glycolysis D) it is the result of phosphorylating pyruvate ___ 16. Which of the following is NOT an end product of the light reactions? A) NADPH B) ATP C) Oxygen D) Water E) all of the above are products of the light reactions

___ 25. In the Calvin cycle, why does the cell only use one of the resulting three carbon sugars for glucose production, instead of all of them? A) The three-carbon sugar that results from the Calvin cycle is heavily oxidized B) Only one of them has enough ATP to be made into glucose C) Some of them need to be reformed into ribulose bisphosphate in order to have a carbon chain to accept more carbon dioxide D) Only one water can be used per carbon dioxide, and this is the stage where the water is used ___ 26. Amino acids can be used for energy. Consider the amino acid alanine (shown below). Which part of alanine contains the most energy? A) the amino group B) the carboxyl group C) the side chain (R-group) ___ 27. What is NOT an end product of the Krebs cycle? A) ATP B) carbon dioxide C) NAD+ D) all of these are produced by the Krebs cycle ___ 28. Consider the reaction shown to the right. What is happening to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? A) it is being reduced B) it is being oxidized C) it is being rearranged into its isomer D) it is being broken down into smaller carbon chains ___ 29. Which of the following is true of the reaction to the right? A) ATP can be made by substrate-level phosphorylation using the product B) It likely occurs in the Calvin cycle C) It does not involve any transfer of energy D) It involves the production of water ___ 30. Consider the following reaction. What is happening to the fructose-6- phosphate? A) it is being oxidized B) it is being reduced C) it is being rearranged into its isomer D) it is being energized ___ 31. Which of the two molecules to the right is more energetic? A) succinate B) oxaloacetate C) they are equal in energy

___ 32. Given your understanding of cell energetics, where do you think the following reaction occurs? A) the light reactions B) the electron transport chain C) the calvin cycle D) the krebs cycle ___ 33. ATP synthase is found: A) on the mitochondrial inner membrane B) in the cytoplasm C) in the mitochondrial matrix (the fluid region inside the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs) D) all of the above ___ 34. In metabolism, where does most of the water come from? A) it is a byproduct of the Krebs cycle B) it is a byproduct of glycolysis C) it is made when the final electron acceptor picks up electrons from the electron transport chain D) it is made when carbon dioxide is oxidized ___ 35. Why is there a large free energy change in mitochondrial metabolism? A) because glucose is used to create many ATP, so there is more energy B) because strong acids are created C) because ATP gains high energy electrons D) because electrons are moving to a much more stable state ___ 36. Why do phospholipids form a bilayer? A) their phosphate heads stick together, exposing the fatty acid tails to water B) their fatty acid tails stick together, exposing the phosphates to water C) the fatty acid tails of one phospholipid react with the high energy phosphate of another D) they are entirely non-polar ___ 37. Which of the following is true of proteins in the cell membrane? A) They only provide structural support B) They are scattered throughout the membrane C) They are used for energy D) They move rapidly, while the phospholipids remain stationary ___ 38. If the cytoskeleton (microfilaments and microtubules) of a cell was disrupted, what would be the immediate effect? A) Less ATP synthesis B) Less protein synthesis C) Loss of cell shape D) disruption of the endomembrane system

Are enzymes involved in glycolysis? Explain in one or two sentences. (2 pts)
Fats are energy rich. In one or two sentences, explain why fatty acids have more energy than amino acids. (2 pts)

Cell Energetics and Organelle Function - Prof. Andrew M. Smith, Exams of Biology

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