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Test 3
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Question 1
Your answer is CORRECT.
Selection favors choosey females that select males with divergent immune systems. Given this, what is the most likely prediction from the list below?
a) Female choosiness and parasite load should be correlated negatively among populations.
b) Female choosiness and parasite load should be correlated positively among populations.
c) Males will attempt to subvert female mate choice.
d) Males will evolve ever stronger immune systems.
e) None of the above.
Question 2
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is important for the Sexy Sons Hypothesis to explain the basis of mate choice based on a particular trait?
a) That the trait be an honest indicator of resistance to pathogens or parasites.
b) An honest relationship between variation in the trait subject to sexual selection and measures of fitness unrelated to the trait (e.g., growth rate, competitive ability).
c) That the choosey sex prefer individuals with particular values of the trait, but that these not relate to fitness in any other way.
d) Stabilizing selection resulting from a compromise between natural and sexual selection.
e) None of the above.
Question 3
Your answer is CORRECT.
The figure below shows several honest indicator traits that can serve as the basis of mate choice. The slopes of the traits are A=0.25, B=0.5, C=1.0 and D= -1.25. Because of sensory exploitation, females use Trait D as a basis of mate choice. Assuming that sexual selection is the only thing acting on Trait D and that there is heritable variation for the slope of the relationship between the value of Trait D and fitness, what do you expect to happen to the relationship for Trait D over time?
a) The slope of the line will become more shallow, as there will be pressure on males to produce the trait regardless of their quality.
b) The relationship will not change over time, because this would decrease it's value as an honest signal.
c) The relationship will not change over time, because females that use Trait C as an indicator will have higher fitness.
d) The slope of the line will evolve to be more steep, because this would enhance both male and female fitness.
e) There is no way to predict what will happen.
Question 4
Your answer is CORRECT.
The figure below shows the phylogenetic distribution for the independent appearance of a male trait in two clades and female preference for the trait. Given this, which of the following is true?
b) is the ability of an organism to delay reproduction into old-age.
c) increases with telomerase function.
d) is the increase in performance or survival with age.
e) None of the above.
Question 7
Your answer is CORRECT.
Natural selection can favor a decrease in early life direct fitness:
a) when this results in greater indirect fitness gains through the reproduction of relatives.
b) when this is offset by increased expected lifetime reproductive success acquired through gains in longevity.
c) under the circumstances of A or B above.
d) under no circumstances.
e) None of the above.
Question 8
Your answer is CORRECT.
The idea that there are mutually exclusive trade-offs among investment among growth, maintainance and reproduction is central to :
a) quantitative genetics theory.
b) sexual selection theory.
c) levels of selection theory.
d) Kin selection theory.
e) None of the above.
Question 9
Your answer is CORRECT.
Telomere length is negatively related to some measures of senescence. What appears to be a major impediment to the development of experimental lengthening of telomeres to delay senescence?
a) Selection at the level of the individual is in opposition to selection at the level of the telomere, and so the inclusive fitness costs do not outweigh the benefits.
b) Tumor suppressing genes trim back telomeres.
c) Enhancing telomeres increases cell longevity, increasing the likelihood of mutation accumulation and cancer.
d) Stressful events outweigh genetic effects on senescence.
e) None of the above.
Question 10
Your answer is CORRECT.
Given the strong genetic correlation shown below and assuming that Traits 1 and 2 have high heritability, which of the following are true?
a) There is no constraint on the response to selection on Trait 2.
b) The lack of selection on Trait 2 will allow it to drift in value, and the correlation between Trait 1 and 2 will produce a correlated response in Trait 1.
c) Directional selection on Trait 1 will produce a correlated decrease in Trait 2.
d) Directional selection on Trait 1 will produce a correlated increase in Trait 2.
e) None of the above.
Question 11
Your answer is CORRECT.
The figures below show the relationship among offspring size, offspring number, offspring survival and parental fitness for a species of worm. In one population, there are no predators (solid line) whereas in the other population predators are present (dashed line). Given this, which of the following are true?
a) A population of B Mutants is likely to experience stronger sexual selection on mate choice than populations of other mutants.
b) A population of A Mutants is likely to experience stronger sexual selection on mate choice than populations of other mutants.
c) A population of E Mutants is likely to experience stronger sexual selection on mate choice than populations of other mutants.
d) A population of C Mutants is likely to experience stronger sexual selection on mate choice than populations of other mutants.
e) One cannot make predictions about patterns of mate choice from these life tables.
Question 14
Your answer is CORRECT.
The lifetable below shows the wildtype life history and four mutant life histories. Age = age of the organism; Survival = the probability of surviving to that age; RS = reproductive success [# offspring] at that age; Expected RS = the # offspring expected at that age times Survival; Total Life RS = expected fitness of an individual with that genotype. Females mate just once a year and do not store sperm across years. Given this, which of the following are true?
a) Most mutations are deleterious, so the wild-type genotype will always be favored.
b) Because Mutant B lives longer, it is more likely to replace Munant D in the population.
c) Mutant C will not be successful evolutionarily because it waits until the last year of life to reproduce.
d) Selection will have a difficult time distinguishing between Mutant A and Mutant C because they have such similar lifetime reproductive success.
e) Mutants A, B and C have novel combinations of survival and reproductive success that will be favored by selection relative to wild-type.
f) None of the above.
Question 15
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following statements about levels of selection above and below the level of the individual are NOT TRUE?
a) Selection acting at the level of the allele can favor the spread of behaviors that harm the actor.
b) Selection within an individual acting at the level of the allele can favor the spread of alleles that lower individual fitness.
c) Selection can favor outcomes at levels of biological organization below the individual that are counter to
e) None of the above.
Question 19
Your answer is CORRECT.
The solution to the generation time problem of the molecular clock relies on:
a) The neutral theory and effect of neutral mutations on generation time.
b) The relationship between the selection coefficient, s, and the number of new mutations.
c) The number of new mutations that are subject to heterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection.
d) The inverse relationship between generation time and population size
e) The relative number of homologies and homoplasies.
Question 20
Your answer is CORRECT.
According to the neutral theory, most mutations are deleterious and most _______________ are neutral.
a) homoplasies
b) substitutions
c) mutations
d) selective events
e) eliminated variants
Question 21
Your answer is CORRECT.
The picture below shows the DNA (on top) and amino acid (on bottom) sequences of a gene from chicken and frog. What can you say about the evolution of this gene based on these sequences?
a) This gene has experienced negative selection.
b) This gene has experienced positive selection.
c) This gene has experienced genetic drift only.
d) This gene has experienced balancing selection.
e) This gene has not experienced any mutation.
Question 22
Your answer is CORRECT.
Comparing the gene for elongation factor 1 between two species of rotifers, you find that the rate of nonsynonymous substitution is 0.026 and the rate of synonymous substitution is 0.81. Which of the following can you conclude from these data?
a) This gene has experienced strong negative, or purifying, selection.
b) Most mutations in this gene are beneficial.
c) Mutations at synonymous sites have experienced heterozygote advantage.
d) More mutations occur at synonymous sites than nonsynonymous sites.
e) This gene is a pseudogene.
Question 23
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following is true of the current state of genome sequencing?
a) There are approximately 100 species that have been sequenced.
b) Humans, Drosophila, and C. elegans are the only eukaryotes that have been sequenced.
c) Genome sequencing is very expensive and slow.
d) Bioinformatic algorithms have made eukaryotic genome assembly and annotation simple.
e) There are many interesting questions remaining to be answered from genome sequences.
Question 24
Your answer is CORRECT.
Which of the following best describes the G-value paradox?
a) Junk DNA makes up most of the human genome.
b) Mutations that increase genome size are slightly deleterious.
c) Morphological complexity does not correlate with number of genes in a genome.
d) Homologous traits cannot be used to construct a phylogeny.
e) Theories on the evolution of sex do not explain why some species are asexual.
Question 25
