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Understanding the Formation of Minerals: Ionic, Covalent, and Van der Waals Bonds, Slides of Earth Sciences

KLE Academy of Higher Education and ResearchEarth Sciences

How elements combine through ionic, covalent, and van der waals bonds to form minerals. It also discusses the role of water's polarity in separating minerals and the significance of mineral structure in determining physical properties. Quartz is used as an example to illustrate the concepts.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/23/2013

kazmi
kazmi 🇮🇳

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2.4Howdoelements
2.4Howdoelements
combinetoformminerals?
combinetoformminerals?
Quartztoohasbothionicandcovalentbonds
Quartztoohasbothionicandcovalentbonds
–
– TheSiO
TheSiO
4
4
4
4–
–(silicagroup)iscovalentlybound
(silicagroup)iscovalentlybound
–
– Adjacentsilicagroups
Adjacentsilicagroupsionically
ionicallybondtoSi
bondtoSi
–
– TheendresultofquartzisSiO
TheendresultofquartzisSiO
2
2inaframeworkweb.
inaframeworkweb.
Fig2.19
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Download Understanding the Formation of Minerals: Ionic, Covalent, and Van der Waals Bonds and more Slides Earth Sciences in PDF only on Docsity!

2.4 How do elements2.4 How do elements

combine to form minerals?combine to form minerals?

Quartz too has both ionic and covalent bonds Quartz too has both ionic and covalent bonds

  • The SiO – The SiO 44 4–^4 –^ (silica group) is covalently bound(silica group) is covalently bound
  • – Adjacent silica groups ionicallyAdjacent silica groupsionically bond to Sibond to Si
  • The end result of quartz is SiO– The end result of quartz is SiO 22 in a framework web.in a framework web.

Fig 2.19 Docsity.com

2.4 How do elements2.4 How do elements

combine to form minerals?combine to form minerals?

Minerals are elements combined by ionic, covalent, Minerals are elements combined by ionic, covalent, metallic, and van dermetallic, and van der Waals bonds.Waals bonds. Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds. Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds. The lopsided geometry of water molecules gives it The lopsided geometry of water molecules gives it polarity, which allows it to pull apart weakly bondedpolarity, which allows it to pull apart weakly bonded minerals.minerals. Many minerals have multiple bond types, or have Many minerals have multiple bond types, or have bonds that exhibit the traits of different bonds.bonds that exhibit the traits of different bonds. The structure of minerals is determined not only by The structure of minerals is determined not only by bond types, but also by how the atoms are positionedbond types, but also by how the atoms are positioned relative to one another.relative to one another.

  • Different arrangements of the same atoms represent – Different arrangements of the same atoms represent different minerals.different minerals.

A mineral is/has … A mineral is/has …

  • naturally occurring solid – naturally occurring solid
  • usually inorganic– usually inorganic
  • a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry– a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry
  • an ordered internal structure– an ordered internal structure

A mineral is/has … A mineral is/has …

  • naturally occurring solid – naturally occurring solid This separates minerals from synthetic “ This separates minerals from synthetic “mineralmineral likelike”” materials like cubic zirconiamaterials like cubic zirconia or synthetic rubyor synthetic ruby Must be a solid or it would be a liquid or gas and thus Must be a solid or it would be a liquid or gas and thus without an orderly arrangementwithout an orderly arrangement
  • usually inorganic – usually inorganic
  • a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry– a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry
  • an ordered internal structure– an ordered internal structure

A mineral is/has … A mineral is/has …

  • naturally occurring solid – naturally occurring solid
  • usually inorganic– usually inorganic
  • a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry– a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry All specimens of a mineral will fall within a chemical All specimens of a mineral will fall within a chemical rangerange
  • an ordered internal structure – an ordered internal structure

A mineral is/has … A mineral is/has …

  • naturally occurring solid – naturally occurring solid
  • usually inorganic– usually inorganic
  • a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry– a defined (but slightly variable) chemistry
  • an ordered internal structure– an ordered internal structure Certain materials like obsidian (volcanic glass) seem Certain materials like obsidian (volcanic glass) seem solid but are actually amorphous (technically a very slowsolid but are actually amorphous (technically a very slow flowing liquid)flowing liquid)

2.6 What determines the2.6 What determines the

physical properties of minerals?physical properties of minerals?

Composition – Composition – ““whatwhat’’s in its in it”” can varycan vary

  • this can affect color – this can affect color
  • also can affect bond strength– also can affect bond strength

Internal structure – Internal structure – ““how ithow it’’s put togethers put together””

  • As a function of bond type and strength, structure – As a function of bond type and strength, structure affects hardnessaffects hardness
  • Geometry of structure affects mineral form– Geometry of structure affects mineral form