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Qualitative Research Designs, Lecture notes of Research Methodology

Qualitative research designs are used to explore complex phenomena in their natural settings, often focusing on understanding experiences, perspectives, and behaviors. Unlike quantitative research, which is centered on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to provide in-depth insights into the meanings and processes behind social and psychological phenomena. Here are the main qualitative research designs:

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2023/2024

Available from 11/17/2024

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Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative research designs are used to explore complex phenomena in their natural settings, often
focusing on understanding experiences, perspectives, and behaviors. Unlike quantitative research, which
is centered on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to provide in-depth
insights into the meanings and processes behind social and psychological phenomena. Here are the main
qualitative research designs:
1. Phenomenology
Purpose: To explore and understand people's lived experiences and how they make sense of
those experiences.
Focus: It seeks to uncover the essence of an experience from the perspective of those who have
lived through it.
Method: Data is typically gathered through in-depth interviews, personal narratives, or
observations. The researcher focuses on participants' descriptions and attempts to identify
common themes across experiences.
Example: Studying the lived experience of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness.
2. Grounded Theory
Purpose: To develop theories grounded in empirical data, focusing on the process of how
phenomena unfold.
Focus: It emphasizes discovering patterns, processes, and interactions that lead to the
development of a theoretical framework.
Method: Researchers collect data (interviews, observations, documents) and continuously
analyze it in stages (coding), allowing a theory to emerge organically from the data itself.
Example: Developing a theory on how people cope with grief based on interviews with
bereaved individuals.
3. Ethnography
Purpose: To understand the cultural and social dynamics of a particular group or community by
immersing the researcher in that environment.
Focus: Ethnography looks at the social practices, rituals, norms, and values of a group from an
insider’s perspective.
Method: Researchers spend extended periods of time observing, participating, and sometimes
interacting within the community. Data is typically collected through participant observation,
interviews, and field notes.
Example: Studying the daily life and rituals of a remote indigenous tribe.
4. Case Study
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Qualitative Research Designs

Qualitative research designs are used to explore complex phenomena in their natural settings, often focusing on understanding experiences, perspectives, and behaviors. Unlike quantitative research, which is centered on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to provide in-depth insights into the meanings and processes behind social and psychological phenomena. Here are the main qualitative research designs:

1. Phenomenology

Purpose: To explore and understand people's lived experiences and how they make sense of those experiences.  Focus: It seeks to uncover the essence of an experience from the perspective of those who have lived through it.  Method: Data is typically gathered through in-depth interviews, personal narratives, or observations. The researcher focuses on participants' descriptions and attempts to identify common themes across experiences.  Example: Studying the lived experience of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness.

2. Grounded Theory

Purpose: To develop theories grounded in empirical data, focusing on the process of how phenomena unfold.  Focus: It emphasizes discovering patterns, processes, and interactions that lead to the development of a theoretical framework.  Method: Researchers collect data (interviews, observations, documents) and continuously analyze it in stages (coding), allowing a theory to emerge organically from the data itself.  Example: Developing a theory on how people cope with grief based on interviews with bereaved individuals.

3. Ethnography

Purpose: To understand the cultural and social dynamics of a particular group or community by immersing the researcher in that environment.  Focus: Ethnography looks at the social practices, rituals, norms, and values of a group from an insider’s perspective.  Method: Researchers spend extended periods of time observing, participating, and sometimes interacting within the community. Data is typically collected through participant observation, interviews, and field notes.  Example: Studying the daily life and rituals of a remote indigenous tribe.

4. Case Study

Purpose: To provide a detailed, in-depth exploration of a single case (or a small number of cases) within its real-life context.  Focus: It offers an in-depth understanding of a specific phenomenon within a particular context, such as an organization, individual, or event.  Method: Data is collected from multiple sources, including interviews, documents, observations, and archival records. The researcher synthesizes this information to provide a rich description of the case.  Example: Investigating the impact of a new teaching method in a specific classroom setting.

5. Narrative Research

Purpose: To explore and interpret the stories people tell about their lives and experiences.  Focus: It emphasizes the narrative structure, meaning, and context of the story, often looking at how individuals make sense of events.  Method: Data is collected through in-depth interviews where participants recount their personal stories, or through reviewing autobiographies, diaries, or other life histories.  Example: Analyzing the life story of an immigrant to understand their experiences of adaptation and identity.

6. Action Research

Purpose: To solve an immediate problem or improve a process while simultaneously contributing to knowledge. It is often collaborative.  Focus: It emphasizes practical problem-solving and social change through a cycle of action and reflection.  Method: Researchers work with participants (often in a community or organizational setting) to identify problems, develop solutions, implement changes, and evaluate results. It’s a cyclical process of planning, action, observation, and reflection.  Example: Teachers working together to improve their classroom management strategies and reflecting on the effectiveness of the changes.

7. Narrative Inquiry

Purpose: To examine how people make sense of their lives through stories, emphasizing personal experience and storytelling.  Focus: It centers on how individuals organize and interpret their lived experiences through narrative.  Method: This approach often involves interviews where participants are encouraged to tell stories about significant events in their lives.  Example: Studying the stories of women leaders in corporate environments to understand their leadership journeys.

8. Feminist Research

Purpose: To explore issues from a feminist perspective, focusing on power dynamics, gender inequality, and marginalized voices.