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Psychophysiological Disorders
and Health Psychology
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Psychophysiological Disorders
- Psychophysiological Disorders involve genuine
physical disorders
- Physical symptoms can be caused by or worsened by emotional distress
- The category recognizes that a broad range of diseases involving the circulatory, respiratory, digestive and central nervous systems can be influenced by stress
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Historical Developments
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Behavioral Medicine
Apply Behavioral Science to the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Medical Problems
Interdisciplinary
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Historical Developments
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Behavioral Medicine
- Health Psychology
Study Psychological Factors Important for the Promotion and Maintenance of Heath
Not Interdisciplinary
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How Do Psychological and Social
Factors Influence Medical Illness?
Figure 9.2 Psychosocial factors directly affect physical health
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Definitions of Stress
- Stress is:
- An environmental condition that may trigger psychopathology
- A response to environmental conditions that leads to emotional upset, deteriorating performance or physiological changes
- Stressors are stimuli
- Cognitive view of stress places emphasis on the interpretation of external stimuli - Coping refers to how people deal with stress
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Measuring Stress: Social Readjustment
Rating Scale
- The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
- Rates the stressfulness of various life events.
- Initial scale development
- Research participants asked to rate various life experiences for stress impact (marriage = 500)
- Final version of scale rank orders life events and assigns proportional score to each event.
- Total score on the scale is correlated with diseases such as heart attack and leukemia
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Measuring Stress: Assessment of Daily
Experience Scale
Experience (ADE, Stone & Neale, 1982)
- Respondents record and rate their life experiences during each day
- Research shows that adverse life events increase prior to an illness
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What Influences the Stress Response?
- A Sense of Control
- Coping Skills
- Self-Efficacy
- Health and Wellness Behaviors
- Social Support
- Immune System Functioning
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Social Support and Stress
- Karmarck et al. (1995) studied effect of social support on BP in a laboratory experiment.
- Stress led to increases in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure but BP increases were greatest when the research participant was alone.
- The stress had less of an impact on BP when participant was accompanied by a friend.
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Stress and the Immune System
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Psychological Theories of the Stress-
Illness Link
- Psychoanalytic view holds that specific
conflicts give rise to psychophysiological
disorders
- Cognitive-Behavioral view proposes that
humans have higher cognitive functions which
can amplify and extend the duration of arousal
of our bodies
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Stress and BP
- Stressful conditions produce a short-term increase in blood pressure - These increases return to baseline when the stressor is withdrawn
- Studies of blood pressure done on ambulatory subjects reveal that anger is most strongly linked to elevated bp - The changes were large in a subset of subjects - Reactivity refers to increased bp and heart rate in response to stress
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Coronary Heart Disease
- Coronary Heart Disease refers to
- Angina pectoris: periodic chest pains
- Reduced oxygen supply to heart
- Myocardial infarction: heart attack
- Brought on by a cutoff of oxygen to the heart muscle
- Risk factors for MI include age, gender (males), elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive use of alcohol and diabetes
Docsity.com^ Ch 8.