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This document covers Psychology Practicals like Empathy Scale etc.
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Title of the Practical: NEO- Five Factor Inventory
Practical No.: 1 Date: 14 th^ February 2022.
Sr No. Title
Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident): High neuroticism is characterized by the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or YXOQHUDELOLW\1HXURWLFLVPDOVRUHIHUVWRDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VGHJUHHRIHPRWLRQDOVWDELOLW\DQG impulse control. People high in neuroticism tend to experience emotional instability and are characterized as angry, impulsive, and hostile.
Methods of assessing Personality - Interview, Rating scales, Self - Report tests:
There is a diversity of approaches to personality assessment, and controversy surrounds many aspects of the widely used methods and techniques. These include such assessments as the interview, rating scales, self-reports, personality inventories, projective techniques, and behavioural observation.
Broadly, these can be grasped into one of the three categories. These are the subjective, objective, and projective methods. The subjective approach incorporates the assessment of one's personality taking his/her work into account e.g., what he or she had done throughout his/her life.
Following are the types of assessing personality:
1.The Interview
2.Rating Scales: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), The 16PF ( Personality Factors) Questionnaire
3.Self-report tests
4. Projective Test- Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion Test, Rorschach Inkblot Test
History of NEO
In the mid-1970s, psychologists Paul Costa and Robert McCrae attempted to identify broad traits existing across all people. By 1978, Costa and McCrae had only identified three traits they felt were consistent. The first two were Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E). Subsequent closer analysis led them to conclude a third, which they called Openness (O). They were able to test a range of people using these three personality traits and created the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory (or NEO-I for short). This gave them a consistent model of personality with which to begin work.
Throughout the early 1980s, using information from the Baltimore study, Costa and McCrae identified two additional personality traits that existed for everyone they interviewed. These were Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C). These two traits were then added to the existing model and, rather than call it NEOAC, the psychologists renamed it the NEO Personality Inventory. The model was revised in the early 1990s to include additional subsections for each of the traits. By 1992, Costa and McCrae published a version with additional sub-scales for the original factors. The revised NEO personality inventory' became the NEO PI-R test.
In the late 1990s, preliminary research showed that the test could be used successfully with children as young as ten but that the test itself would need some careful amendments. So, &RVWDDQG0F&UDHKLJKOLJKWHGμSUREOHP¶TXHVWLRQVLQWKH1(23,-R. They tried an initial
test trial with 1,900 high school students in 2002 and made amendments to that test based on their findings. By the mid-2000s they had developed a model that was applicable for use with adults and adolescents alike. This newest iteration was published in 2005 and named NEO PI-3. The NEO PI-3 has much better readability than its predecessors and comes with a glossary of terms to help younger subjects understand the test. It is suitable for use with those aged ten or higher, as well as those with learning disabilities, so it has a much wider user base than previous tests. It is this model that is currently used by employers and clinicians looking to assess personality. At the same time as they developed the NEO PI-3, Costa and McCrae also developed a shortened version of the NEO PI-R. This is known as the NEO-FFI (FFI VWDQGVIRUμ)LYH-)DFWRU,QYHQWRU\¶ ,WZDVDOVRVXEVHTXHQWO\UHYLVHGDQGUHQDPHGDVWKH1(2 FFI-R.
Theories of Personality by Freud and Allport:
Freud's personality theory (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e., tripartite), the id, ego, and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives.
ID is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.
Super-Ego operates as a moral conscience.
Ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.
$FFRUGLQJWR*RUGRQ$OOSRUW³3HUVRQDOLW\LVWKHG\QDPLFRUJDQL]DWLRQZLWKLQWKHindividual of those psycho-SK\VLFDOV\VWHPVWKDWGHWHUPLQHKLVXQLTXHDGMXVWPHQWWRKLVHQYLURQPHQW´
Gordon Allport organized traits into a hierarchy of three levels: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. Using a statistical process known as factor analysis, Raymond Cattell generated sixteen dimensions of human personality traits, known as the 16PF.
Advantages
It provides a quick, reliable, and accurate measure of the five domains of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness).
Fifteen of the 60 NEO-FFI items have been replaced to improve readability and psychometric properties.
Self-report (Form S) and Observer rating (Form R) forms are available in the test.
Separate adolescent and adult norms are available for a more reliable interpretation of the scores.
Disadvantages
(a) inability to address core constructs of personality functioning beyond the level of traits.
(b) limitations with respect to the prediction of specific behaviour and the adequate description of persons' lives.
(c) failure to provide compelling causal explanations for human behaviour and experience.
(d) disregard of the contextual and conditional nature of human experience.
Sample and Methodology: This study investigated whether GD symptoms are heightened in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in comparison to a control group and explored predictors of GD in 230 adults with ASD and 272 controls. The mean age of the ASD group was 31.32 years ( SD ௗ ௗ), and the mean age of the control group was 29.51 years ( SD ௗ ௗ
Participants ( n ௗ ௗ ZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHFRQWUROJURXSLIWKH\VFRUHGRYHUWKHFXW-off for ASD as set out by the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-10) or if they were in the process of being diagnosed. Participants in the ASD group were required to disclose if they had a formal diagnosis and participants with self-reported diagnoses were excluded from the study ( n ௗ ௗ No additional information was obtained to verify ASD diagnoses.
Tool(s) used: NEO-Five Factor Inventory - 3.
Result(s): The Cronbach alpha coefficient was good (0.76). Thus, there was high correlation between Extraversion of the client(s) with the predictability of Gaming Disorder symptoms in ASD patients.
3. Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity
(By Adrian Furnham & Velicia Bachtiar 2008)
Aim: To measure the effect of Big Five Factors on relationship between Intelligence and 4 Types of Creativity using NEO-FFI (1992)
Hypothesis : There is significant correlation between Intelligence and the 4 types of Creativity in an individual.
Sample and Methodology: There were 176 participants of which 98 were male and 78 were female. Age ranged from 13 to 69 years; with a mean of 18.6 (S.D. = 7.26 years). Of all participants 95 were from a British private school (age: 13±15; mean 14.31) and the remaining 81 participants (age: 18±69; mean 24.41) were gathered from an opportunistic sample.
Tool(s) used: NEO-Five Factor Inventory - 1992.
Result(s): There was no significant relationship found between Intelligence and all the 4 types of Creativity, but Divergent thinking is influenced by 47% by the Big Five Factors.
Methodology
- Description of the Test:
The NEO-FFI-3 is a 60-item modification of the NEO-FFI-R (Costa & McCrae, 2008; McCrae & Costa, 2004). Five personality trait domains are measured using the NEO-FFI-3. These are the 5 Domains - Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness to Experience (O), Conscientiousness (C), Agreeableness (A) and there are 12 items per Domain in the best.
The following is a brief description for each domain:
2SHQQHVVWR([SHULHQFH 2SHQQHVVWRH[SHULHQFHUHIHUVWRRQH¶VZLOOLQJQHVVWRWU\QHZ things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities. It includes the ability to ³WKLQNRXWVLGHRIWKHER[´7KRVHZKRVFRUHKLJKRQRSHQQHVVWRH[SHULHQFHDUHSHUFHLYHGDV creative and artistic. They prefer variety and value independence.
They are curious about their surroundings and enjoy traveling and learning new things. People who score low on openness to experience prefer routine. They are uncomfortable with change and trying new things, so they prefer the familiar over the unknown. As they are practical people, they often find it difficult to think creatively or abstractly.
&RQVFLHQWLRXVQHVV &RQVFLHQWLRXVQHVVGHVFULEHVDSHUVRQ¶VDELOLW\WRUHJXODWHWKHLU impulse control to engage in goal directed behaviours (Grohol, 2019). It measures elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of behaviour.
Table No. 1: Description of the Positive and Negative Scoring Items (SI) for the Test:
Sr. N.
Domain Positive SI. Negative SI.
Interpretation Method:
Once the conversion of all the raw scores to T-scores is done, the norms table given in the NEO-FFI-3 manual LVIROORZHGWRLQWHUSUHWWKHVXEMHFW¶VUHVXOWV
Case Specifics:
x Socio-Demographic Report:
Name: I.P.
Date of Birth: 11 - 10 - 2002
Age: 18 years 10 months
Gender: Female
Education: 12 th^ (Completed)
Occupation: Student
Marital Status: Single
Family Structure: Nuclear
Ordinal Position: First Born Child
Family Tree:
Religion: Hindu
Languages known: - Hindi, English, and Gujarati
Domicile: Porbandar (Urban)
Geographical Location: Ahmedabad
Socio-economic Status: Upper Middle Class
x Informants:
Mother: B.J.P - 45 years ± M.Ed., Teacher
Father: V.P - 47 years, B.Sc. Chemistry, Service
Duration of Relationship with the Client: 18 years
x Case History Taking
The client for the NEO ± Five Factor Inventory - 3 (NEO-FFI-3) was I.P. She is an eighteen-
year-old female who is currently a student. She is in the second year of her college, pursuing
BSc. In Forensic Science, from Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad. She is single and
currently lives in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
The client was asked how she has been feeling recently to which she reported that she has not
been feeling that much great. She has had a few moments to cherish with a couple of
pessimistic thoughts. When she was asked why that was so, she shared that she has problems
with her family which has been bothering her. She also said that she was not getting
sometime for herself now more than usual.
After enquiring on what kind of problems she has been facing with her family well-being, she
VKDUHGWKDWVKHVRPHWLPHVGRHVQ¶WJHOZHOOZLWKKHUSDUHQWVDQGVLEOLQJVKHJHWVSHUVXDGHG
very easily and when that happens, in that family matter, she puts more argument than what
she used to argue with her parents or sibling for any matter. She finds this unusual, and it
makes her feel as though she does not feel the righteous manner with her family.
When asked what makes her feel that way, she reported that she has had experiences with her
family where they directly told her that they do not like her constant nose poking in all the
matters even though now she is a young adult and must have a say in every matter of her
family. Ever since she was a child, elders in her family have told her that she must try to
investigate family matters because when she will grow up, she needs to be well versed with
it. They told her that her family will respect her views but due to her recent experience she is
feeling the elderVZHUHQ¶WULJKWLQZKDWWKH\WROGWRKHU:KHQVKHTXHVWLRQVKHUIDPLO\DVWR
why they feel that she is poking her nose, they always redirect that argument to something
like ZKDW¶VXSZLWK\RX"DUH\RXUVWXGLHVQRWJRLQJZHOO"(WF This makes her feel worse, she
feels as though she is not good enough and starts to doubt herself even more.
x Personal History
The client was asked to share a little bit about her infancy and childhood period based on
what she remembers and has been told. Prenatal period was uneventful for her mother except
that her mother fell from on the door front when the baby was 6 months inside her PRWKHU¶V
womb. She was born out of a cesarian delivery, birth cry immediate and birth weight was 3.
kgs.
She was a normal child with no significant disease or mishaps seen during birth
and her mother was also able to breast feed him normally. His motor skills started to develop
by initial stages of the age 1 and fully developed. She started to speak by 11/2^ of age and fully
developing verbal skills by 21/2^ age.
She was a very independent child, roam off without a care while also being very attached
to her mother. She started schooling at the age of 6. She is a good student and has a good skill
in her education. She is very reasonably attentive in class and is an active member. She has
special interest in the subject of English but has some trouble with Mathematics and Social
Science. She has been acquainting A+ Grade in her Middle School and did not have same
results in her Primary and Pre-Primary schooling. She is pursuing B.Sc. Forensic Science
course now.
She is a student studying in under graduation second year and has worked as a Volunteer for
Animal Organisations in her Primary School. Else There is no significant Occupational
History about her. Client does not have any significant sexual history because she is
in her adolescent period of her life.
The Client is Unmarried. Other than the occasional chocolate grinding, she does not sport any
other addictions. She is a very calm person in usual cases. She is very interactive and is very
active among her class and sibling and cousins. She is an active member of the living society
as well as the church he attends. She has many friends but very few close friends. In social
gatherings, he has a very good tolerance for strained matters and hardly has an outburst in
public.
She has a very good social relation with her friends and neighbours. And remains very expressive in social gatherings and matters. She likes to sing and is very invested in music. She contributes to his artwork whenever he can. She also likes to dance but that is an occasional hobby.
Family History
The client was birthed to an arranged marriage couple. She is the elder of two children,
one younger brother. In her adolescence, she lived with her sibling, parent, and grandparents
as a joint family. Now at her advanced age she lives with her brother and her parents due to
her IDWKHU¶VMREWUDQVIHU
Her father is an Insurance Manager by occupation and mother is a teacher. She has an
adequate relation with his father, very close but not being totally connected as well. She is
closer to his mother than his father. Her father was a very disciplined man, so she has many
rules that the client and her sibling must follow.
She has a very good relationship with her sibling, having regular communication through
school and at home as well. She does not express his emotions that much, but she is
comfortable with her. Her father has low-blood pressure, but other than that her parents did
not have any medical problems at all. She does not have a lineage of any psychological
disorders, retardation, or any kind of mental damage.
a) Orientation-
Person: I.P
Place: Ahmedabad
Time: 6:
Impression: She was oriented to her place, time, and herself.
Attention and concentration- Reverse recital:
Calculation:
Can count change in her wallet.
Able to multiply numbers but is a little slow.
Impression-Has adequate attention but has high concentration, but slow calculations.
b) Memory-
Recent memory:
Lunch: Cucumber Salad
Shirt on during the walk: Jacket with blue Leggings
Time when you woke up: 6:
Remote Memory:
Getting current education: 2nd^ February 2022.
Date of Birth: 11 th^ October 2002
Immediate memory:
She was able to remember the words told before few questions.
Impression: Memory is intact and no issues in recalling memories
7) Insights: The patient seems to be demonstrating a slight awareness to her health. But most of the health issues are physical and externally attributed. The patient is to be categorised in Grade 3 as she is aware of her health but is more physical than mental.
Procedure for the Conduction of the Test:
Materials Required:
a. NEO-FFI-3 Response Sheet
b. NEO-FFI-3 Hand- Scoring Answer Sheet
c. NEO-FFI-3 Manual
d. Pencil (Writing tool)
e. Eraser (Editing tool)
Arrangement of Materials:
The Client has been given the NEO-FFI-3 Manual and asked to mark their response in the NEO-FFI-3 response sheet after being briefed with the following instructions and necessary precautions.
Precautions:
a. It was ensured that laboratory like conditions wherein there is absolute silence and no outside distractions for the client during administration of the test.
b. The Client was asked if they had any doubts after listening to the instructions for the smooth conduction process.
Instructions to the Client:
Write only where it is indicated in this booklet. Carefully read all the instructions before beginning. This questionnaire contains 60 statements. Read each statement carefully. For each statement fill in the circle with the response that best represents your opinion. Make sure that your answer is in the correct box.
i. Circle in SD if you strongly disagree or the statement is false.
ii. Circle in D if you disagree or the statement is mostly false.
LLL&LUFOHLQμ1¶LI\RXDUHQHXWUDORQWKHVWDWHPHQWLI\RXFDQQRWGHFLGHRULIWKHVWDWHPHQW is about equally true and false.
LY&LUFOHLQμ$¶LI\RXDJUHHRUWKHVWDWHPHQWLVPRVWO\WUXH
v. Circle in SA if you strongly agree or the statement is true
Observation(s):
The Client was patient and calm and answering every question by paying attention to detail and asking doubts in case they did not understand any statement. Overall, the client did not face any problem in appearing for the test.
